PSYC 107 1nd EditionLecture 21Outline of Last LectureI. ExtinctionII. Spontaneous RecoveryIII. Unconditioned ResponseIV. Stimulus Generalization & DiscriminationV. Pavlov’s UnderstandingVI. Biological PredispositionsOutline of Current LectureI. Operant ConditioningII. ShapingIII. ReinforcementIV. ReinforcersV. Know for the TestVI. PunishmentVII. Skinner’s LegacyCurrent LectureI. Operant Conditioning-Also referred to as instrumental conditioning-Learning controlled by the consequences of the organism's behavior In the classroom: give points or quizzes - encourages attendanceIf called out by the professor for using cell phone, discourages useIn the workplace: bonuses or written up for bad behavior-Law of effectBehaviors that are rewarded will be strengthenedBehaviors that are punished will be extinguishedClassical ConditioningOperant ConditioningTarget behavior isAutomatic Emitted voluntarilyReward or Provided Contingent These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.punishmentisunconditionally on behaviorBehavior depends on…Autonomic nervous systemSkeletal musclesII. Shaping: operant conditioning procedure in which reinforces guide behavior towards desired target level through consecutive little changesIII. Reinforcements-Any event that strengthens the following behavior-Positive reinforcement - add a stimulus - give something-Negative reinforcement - remove a stimulus - removing somethingDoing something to get rid of something negativeTaking aspiring to relieve a headacheGiving in to whiningIV. Reinforcers -Primary reinforcer; an innately reinforcing stimulus like food or drink-Secondary reinforcer; something that leads to satisfaction-Immediate reinforcer; a reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behaviorA rat gets a food pellet for every bar press-Delayed reinforcer; a reinforcer that is delayed in time for a certain behaviorA paycheck that comes at the end of the week.-Continuous reinforcement; rewarded each time it occurs-Partial reinforcement; reinforces a response only part of the timeIntermittent reinforcementResults in slower acquisition in the beginning; shows greater resistance to extinction Fixed-ratio schedule; reinforces a response after a certain number of responsesVariable-ratio schedule; reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responsesFixed-interval schedule; reinforces a response after a specified timeVariable-interval schedule; reinforces after an unpredictable amount of time.V. Class demonstration-Trial 1; reinforcement schedule-Gave a kiss after every answerContinuous or Partial; ContinuousImmediate or Delayed; ImmediatePrimary or Conditioned reinforcer; PrimaryFast learner; easy to extinguish-Trial 2; reinforcement schedule-Gave a kiss after 5 answers, 2 answers, then 4 answersContinuous or partial; partialFixed or variable; variableInterval or ratio; ratioSlow learner, slow to extinguish-Trial 3; reinforcement scheduleContinuous or partial; partialFixed or variable; fixedInterval or ratio; intervalSlower than continuous, faster than trial 2; easy VI. Know for the Test-The fastest responding is knowing you are rewarded after a certain number of times-The second highest is variable ratio; knowing it is based on responses, but don't know when-Fixed interval; lousy between two intervals, picks up right before the reward-variable interval; steady amount of work done.VII. Punishment-Positive punishment; ADDING an adverse stimulus; spanking-Negative punishment; TAKING away something desirable; time out from play timeVIII. Skinner's legacy-Did not believe in free will-Modified environment to modify behavioroModify everything with
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