PSYC 107 1nd Edition Lecture 21 Outline of Last Lecture I Extinction II Spontaneous Recovery III Unconditioned Response IV Stimulus Generalization Discrimination V Pavlov s Understanding VI Biological Predispositions Outline of Current Lecture I Operant Conditioning II Shaping III Reinforcement IV Reinforcers V Know for the Test VI Punishment VII Skinner s Legacy Current Lecture I Operant Conditioning Also referred to as instrumental conditioning Learning controlled by the consequences of the organism s behavior In the classroom give points or quizzes encourages attendance If called out by the professor for using cell phone discourages use In the workplace bonuses or written up for bad behavior Law of effect Behaviors that are rewarded will be strengthened Behaviors that are punished will be extinguished Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Target behavior is Automatic Emitted voluntarily Reward or Provided Contingent These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute II III IV V punishment is unconditionally on behavior Behavior depends on Autonomic nervous system Skeletal muscles Shaping operant conditioning procedure in which reinforces guide behavior towards desired target level through consecutive little changes Reinforcements Any event that strengthens the following behavior Positive reinforcement add a stimulus give something Negative reinforcement remove a stimulus removing something Doing something to get rid of something negative Taking aspiring to relieve a headache Giving in to whining Reinforcers Primary reinforcer an innately reinforcing stimulus like food or drink Secondary reinforcer something that leads to satisfaction Immediate reinforcer a reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior A rat gets a food pellet for every bar press Delayed reinforcer a reinforcer that is delayed in time for a certain behavior A paycheck that comes at the end of the week Continuous reinforcement rewarded each time it occurs Partial reinforcement reinforces a response only part of the time Intermittent reinforcement Results in slower acquisition in the beginning shows greater resistance to extinction Fixed ratio schedule reinforces a response after a certain number of responses Variable ratio schedule reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses Fixed interval schedule reinforces a response after a specified time Variable interval schedule reinforces after an unpredictable amount of time Class demonstration Trial 1 reinforcement schedule Gave a kiss after every answer Continuous or Partial Continuous Immediate or Delayed Immediate Primary or Conditioned reinforcer Primary Fast learner easy to extinguish Trial 2 reinforcement schedule Gave a kiss after 5 answers 2 answers then 4 answers Continuous or partial partial Fixed or variable variable Interval or ratio ratio Slow learner slow to extinguish Trial 3 reinforcement schedule VI VII VIII o Continuous or partial partial Fixed or variable fixed Interval or ratio interval Slower than continuous faster than trial 2 easy Know for the Test The fastest responding is knowing you are rewarded after a certain number of times The second highest is variable ratio knowing it is based on responses but don t know when Fixed interval lousy between two intervals picks up right before the reward variable interval steady amount of work done Punishment Positive punishment ADDING an adverse stimulus spanking Negative punishment TAKING away something desirable time out from play time Skinner s legacy Did not believe in free will Modified environment to modify behavior Modify everything with environment
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