PSYC 107 1nd Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I Comparisons of Siblings II Separated vs Adopted Twins III Temperament IV Nature vs Nature V Genetic Influence on Psychological Traits VI Evolutionary Psychology VII Who Influences What VIII Cultural Influences Outline of Current Lecture I Biological Differences II Sex vs Gender III Nurture of Gender IV For The Test Current Lecture I Biological Differences Chromosomal biological sex is determined by the twenty third pair of chromosomes XX female XY male Gonadal male have testes female has ovaries Hormonal hormonal exposure will result in different genitalia development Sex organs male penis female clitoris and vagina Gays lesbians usually run in families If you have a twin 50 of the time are lesbian if you are Fruit flies altering one gene causes the fly to be homosexual Prenatal influences Fraternal birth order effect 3 of first born sons are gay 4 of second born 5 of third born etc One theory is that the womb produces an antibody to the boy These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute II III Sex vs Gender Sex physical characteristic genitalia universal throughout the world Gender psychological social characteristics that are culturally created BASED ON SEX changes with culture Feminine traits Masculine Intersex abnormalities in Biological Genitalia Chromosomes Hormones Nurture of Gender Gender roles our culture influences our expectations of how men and women are supposed to behave Ex guys stand up for girls on the bus When girls and boys are raised this is how children take information from their environment through these methods Social Roles Theory Learn from their environment to see what they should and should not do Rewards punishment When boys play with dolls they are punished When girls get dirty they are told only boys get dirty Modeling Look at parents Gender Schema Theory Figure out what they should do by asking what would boys do and what would girls do Cognitive framework Gender Identity How a person views himself or herself in terms of sex Most people gender identity is consistent with sexual anatomy Transgender gender identity is different than sexual anatomy Not biological they believe that they are put into the wrong body Sexual orientation preference for a same or other gender sexual partner Gender Development Similarities genetic make up Since the majority of our inherited genes are similar 45 chromosomes are unisex Differences Aggression physical males more vs relational females more Sexual Orientation IV Refers to a person s preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex both sexes and either sex straight gay bisexual Myths Homosexuality is linked with problems with parents Homosexuality is a hatred of the other gender Sexual orientation can be determined from a blood test As children homosexuals were sexually abused by a homosexual Frequency of sexual orientation in the US and Europe 3 4 for men 1 2 for women High percentages in artists poets musicians and writers Animal homosexuality Occurs in hundreds of species Federal Protection Is not federally protected It is still legal to fire or refuse to hire someone because they are gay or lesbian For the Test Homosexuality Is not a psychological disorder and not included in a diagnostic test Is not willfully chosen or easily changed view by most psychologists Does not rub off on adopted or biological children nor deemed harmful Can result in higher levels of depression suicide due to discrimination bias
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