PSYC 107 1nd Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last LectureI. Comparisons of SiblingsII. Separated vs Adopted TwinsIII. TemperamentIV. Nature vs NatureV. Genetic Influence on Psychological TraitsVI. Evolutionary PsychologyVII. Who Influences What?VIII. Cultural InfluencesOutline of Current LectureI. Biological DifferencesII. Sex vs GenderIII. Nurture of GenderIV. For The Test..Current LectureI. Biological Differences-Chromosomal: biological sex is determined by the twenty-third pair of chromosomesXX - femaleXY - male-Gonadal: male have testes, female has ovaries-Hormonal: hormonal exposure will result in different genitalia development-Sex organs: male - penis, female - clitoris and vagina -Gays & lesbians usually run in familiesIf you have a twin, 50% of the time are lesbian if you areFruit flies- altering one gene causes the fly to be homosexual-Prenatal influencesFraternal birth order effect3% of first born sons are gay, 4% of second born, 5% of third born, etc. One theory is that the womb produces an antibody to the boyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Sex vs Gender-Sex: physical characteristic (genitalia) universal throughout the world-Gender: psychological, social, characteristics that are culturally created; BASED ON SEX; changes with cultureFeminine traitsMasculine-Intersex - abnormalities in … Biological GenitaliaChromosomesHormones III. Nurture of Gender-Gender roles: our culture influences our expectations of how men and women are supposed to behave-Ex, guys stand up for girls on the bus-When girls and boys are raised this is how children take information from their environment through these methods:Social Roles TheoryLearn from their environment to see what they should and should not doRewards/punishment- When boys play with dolls, they are punished-When girls get dirty, they are told only boys get dirtyModeling- Look at parentsGender Schema TheoryFigure out what they should do by asking what would boys do andwhat would girls do Cognitive framework- Gender IdentityHow a person views himself or herself in terms of sexMost people: gender identity is consistent with sexual anatomyTransgender: gender identity is different than sexual anatomy (Notbiological, they believe that they are put into the wrong body)Sexual orientation: preference for a same or other-gender sexual partner - Gender DevelopmentSimilarities: genetic make-upSince the majority of our inherited genes are similar45 chromosomes are unisexDifferences:Aggression: physical (males more) vs relational (females more)- Sexual OrientationRefers to a person's preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, both sexes, and either sex (straight, gay, bisexual)-MythsHomosexuality is linked with problems with parentsHomosexuality is a hatred of the other genderSexual orientation can be determined from a blood testAs children, homosexuals were sexually abused by a homosexual-Frequency of sexual orientation in the US and Europe3 - 4 % for men1 -2 % for womenHigh percentages in artists, poets, musicians, and writers-Animal homosexualityOccurs in hundreds of species-Federal ProtectionIs not federally protectedIt is still legal to fire or refuse to hire someone because they are gay or lesbianIV. For the Test-Homosexuality ..Is not a psychological disorder and not included in a diagnostic testIs not willfully chosen or easily changed (view by most psychologists)Does not "rub off" on adopted or biological children nor deemed harmfulCan result in higher levels of depression/suicide due to
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