PSYC 107 1nd Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last LectureI. What Makes You You?II. Behavior GeneticsIII. Twins and AdoptionsOutline of Current LectureI. Comparisons of SiblingsII. Separated vs Adopted TwinsIII. TemperamentIV. Nature vs NatureV. Genetic Influence on Psychological TraitsVI. Evolutionary PsychologyVII. Who Influences What?VIII. Cultural InfluencesCurrent LectureI. Comparisons of SiblingsSibling Type Percent of Genes SharedPercent of Shared EnvironmentIdentical Twins 100% 100%Fraternal Twins Same as regular siblings 100%Separated Id. Twins 100% 0%Separated Fr. Twins Same as regular siblings 0%Adopted Children from Different Families0% 100%- The above table is used to show the comparison between the percent of genes shared and the percent of the shared environmentTrait Percent of Same Trait in Identical TwinsPercent of Same Trait in Fraternal TwinsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Blood Type 100% 66%Mental Retardation 97% 37%Alzheimer’s 60% 30%Same Allergies 55% 5%- The above tables is used to compare the chances that the different types of twinswould have the exact same trait; the higher percentages are because the twins share the same genesII. Separated and Adopted Twins- Traits more often influenced by Biological Parents Personality, intelligence Abilities Interests, fears Brain waves, heart rate- Personalities of adopted children seem to have personalities much more similar to biological parents than the adopted parents Hints that personality is more genetically based rather than environmentally based- Traits more influences by Adopted Parents Attitudes Values Manners Faith PoliticsIII. Temperament- A person’s characteristics, emotional activity and intensity- Determined from the time the child is born Suggests a genetic linkage- 65% of children fall into the following categories: Easy – 40% of children Difficult – 10% (cannot handle changes well Slow-to-warm up – 15%- Identical twins are closer in temperament than fraternal twinsIV. Nature vs Nature- Some traits are fixed while others change with the environment- MOST traits change with environmental experience Fears influenced by scary experiences or parents’ reactions Nurturing or Aggression also influence traitsV. Genetic Influence on Psychological TraitsPsychological Trait HeritabilityPersonality Trait 0.4 – 0.5Psychological Interests 0.36Schizophrenia 0.80Anxiety Disorders 0.20 – 0.40Antisocial Disorder 0.41 – 0.45Major Depression 0.40Religiousness 0.16 (for a 16 year old)- The table shows when something is highly influenced by genes (a high number)VI. Evolutionary Psychology- The study of evolution of behavior and the mind- “what makes humans alike”- Uses principles of Darwin’s Natural Selection Evolutionary process through which adaptive traits are passed on to new generations Survival of the fittest Mutations which are just genetic errors Traits influenced by natural selection Fats/sweets: people who liked the taste of sweets were more likely to eat them and have extra fat for lean times Snakes: people who avoided snakes because they feared them were less likely to die from snake bites- Ex. Explanation of human sexuality Gender differences Sexuality is the largest difference between males and females Mating preferencesVII. Who Influences What?-***Important to know this for the exam, the book goes more in depth***-ParentsEarly postnatal experiencesEarly experiences during development in humans show remarkable improvements in music, languages, and arts-Brain DevelopmentThroughout our life, brain tissue continues to grow and change-Peer influenceVIII. Cultural Influences- Culture is composed of behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group- Humans have the ability to evolve culture- Variations across culture Norms – rules accepted and expected behavior Can change between cultures- Variations across
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