PSYC 107 1nd EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures 22 – 28Chapter 8: MemoryDescribe the human memory system.Memory occurs through learning when someone stores memories or ideas and continually retrieve and store these memories over time. Our memory is our identity and without it, we are not who we are now. Memory occurs in three stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Memories are first sensory memories which are quick and can be transformed into short-term memory where they can then be turned into long-term memories. Relating things to memorable things such as sex or colorful images can help remembering easier. Memory Demonstration in ClassWe were presented with a list of words and had a minute to remember them. Then we had to recall the words. An example of memory illusion is recalling a word that was not on the list. Memory is reconstructive, not reproductive. When recalling memories, we use cues and available information to reconstruct then information. Which information is encoded efortfully vs automatically?Automatic processing:SpaceTimeWell-learned materialFrequencyEffortful processing:MeaningImageryOrganizationIt is easier to learn when we space out studying (spacing effect) vs crammingWhich processing methods aid in forming memories?Rehearsal methods are maintenance or elaborate. For maintenance you can repeat a number over and over and for maintenance you can create mnemonics (creating ways of remembering like 422-5698, 2+2 = 4 and 5 is one less than 6 while 9 is one more than 8.) Relearning; Ebbinghaus was the pioneer of this theory. He believes the amount of time spend learning is relative to the amount remembered. Remembering meaningful things are easier to remember. Remembering images are also a powerful aid in remembering. You can encoded by organizing concepts into hierarchy (having a large concept and then broken down into smaller concepts) or chunking (having smaller concepts and chunking them into one large concept) Define the two components of sensory memory.Iconic is visual memories and last less than a second. Echoic are auditory memories and can last three to four seconds. Compare the duration and capacity of short term and long term memories.Short term memories works actively with data and transforms it into meaningful data which then turns into long-term memory. Long-term memory can keep memories for minutes, days, years, or a lifetime. Short term memories can only be remembered for a couple of secondsand is very limited. Long-term memories can be stored forever and have almost an endless capacity.Levels of processingVisual: shallow, ex. Copying notesSemantic: creating meaning of what you are processing, deeper, ex. Creating outlines, summarizing outlines.Which parts of the brains store which types of memories?Long term potentiation is synaptic enhancement after learning. Explicit memories have conscious recall; facts and experiences that are known and declared; general knowledge. Explicit memories are processed by hippocampus. Implicit memories have unconscious recall and involves learning an action that the individual does not know or cannot tell that they know. This include motor and cognitive skills, conditioning effects. Implicit memories are processed bythe cerebellum. The left of the hippocampus processes visual information while the right processes designs and locations. How do we get information from our brain?Recall: retrieve information effortfullyRecognition: must identify the answers from choicesRelearning: learning the material againPriming: remembering memories by starting a chain of cues that lead to the memory.How do external contexts and internal emotions influence memory retrieval?Context effect: being in the same context as in learningDéjà vu: current situation unconsciously reminds one of an earlier experienceMoods: some memories are dependent on moods and being in the same mood can helprecall memoryWhy do we forget?Encoding failure is failing to encode the information. If the information is not encoded, itcannot be remembered. Motivated forgetting was developed by Freud and he said it was unknowingly revising memories. Repressing is banishing anxiety-causing thoughts. How do misinformation, imagination, and source amnesia influence our memory construction?Our imagination affects memories by reconstructing memories. Source amnesia is not being able to remember where a memory came from.What is the controversy related to repressed and recovered memories?Nadean Cool- went to a therapist because she was having emotional problems. After 15 hour marathon tests, guided imagery, and hypnosis, the therapist told her she had 130 different personalities and she had been sexual abused as a child. This was false and the therapist was sued. Most professionals say that if there was sexual abuse or something traumatic you are less likely to forget than remember. Chapter 12: PersonalityWhat was Freud’s view on personality and its development?Personality is formed during childhood. There is conflict between desires and social restraints. Negative wishes are pushed into the unconsciousness. Personality is developed from the effort of resolving conflicts. How do humanistic psychologists view personality and what is their goal in studying personality?They wanted to show people that healthy people could grow towards self-actualization ifthey were happy and well taken care of. They believed that with empathy and acceptance, people can become more self-aware and more realistic.How do humanistic psychologists asses a person’s sense of self?Some believe self-concept questionaires are the best while others thing face-to-face situations are better.How do psychologists use traits to describe personality?Genetic dispositions mainly influence personality. What are personality inventories?Tests to define someone’s personality. They are EMPIRACLLY derived.List the five traits that provide the most information about personality.ConscientiousnessAgreeablenessNeuroticismOpennessExtraversion Extra Reading and VideosMnemonic Wizards: Incredible Feats of MemoryTatiana is the Memoriad Champion. Each card has a word; so you go through the deck of cards and create a memory. 6 of hearts is HASH. H = hearts; the suite. And SH = six, the number. Rajancan remember numbers very well. He assigns every 3 numbers a small story and remembers all the small story. Dr. Erickson studies the phenomenon of photographic memory. He says it does not exist. You remember things