PSYC 107 1nd Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 22 28 Chapter 8 Memory Describe the human memory system Memory occurs through learning when someone stores memories or ideas and continually retrieve and store these memories over time Our memory is our identity and without it we are not who we are now Memory occurs in three stages encoding storage and retrieval Memories are first sensory memories which are quick and can be transformed into short term memory where they can then be turned into long term memories Relating things to memorable things such as sex or colorful images can help remembering easier Memory Demonstration in Class We were presented with a list of words and had a minute to remember them Then we had to recall the words An example of memory illusion is recalling a word that was not on the list Memory is reconstructive not reproductive When recalling memories we use cues and available information to reconstruct then information Which information is encoded efortfully vs automatically Automatic processing Space Time Well learned material Frequency Effortful processing Meaning Imagery Organization It is easier to learn when we space out studying spacing effect vs cramming Which processing methods aid in forming memories Rehearsal methods are maintenance or elaborate For maintenance you can repeat a number over and over and for maintenance you can create mnemonics creating ways of remembering like 422 5698 2 2 4 and 5 is one less than 6 while 9 is one more than 8 Relearning Ebbinghaus was the pioneer of this theory He believes the amount of time spend learning is relative to the amount remembered Remembering meaningful things are easier to remember Remembering images are also a powerful aid in remembering You can encoded by organizing concepts into hierarchy having a large concept and then broken down into smaller concepts or chunking having smaller concepts and chunking them into one large concept Define the two components of sensory memory Iconic is visual memories and last less than a second Echoic are auditory memories and can last three to four seconds Compare the duration and capacity of short term and long term memories Short term memories works actively with data and transforms it into meaningful data which then turns into long term memory Long term memory can keep memories for minutes days years or a lifetime Short term memories can only be remembered for a couple of seconds and is very limited Long term memories can be stored forever and have almost an endless capacity Levels of processing Visual shallow ex Copying notes Semantic creating meaning of what you are processing deeper ex Creating outlines summarizing outlines Which parts of the brains store which types of memories Long term potentiation is synaptic enhancement after learning Explicit memories have conscious recall facts and experiences that are known and declared general knowledge Explicit memories are processed by hippocampus Implicit memories have unconscious recall and involves learning an action that the individual does not know or cannot tell that they know This include motor and cognitive skills conditioning effects Implicit memories are processed by the cerebellum The left of the hippocampus processes visual information while the right processes designs and locations How do we get information from our brain Recall retrieve information effortfully Recognition must identify the answers from choices Relearning learning the material again Priming remembering memories by starting a chain of cues that lead to the memory How do external contexts and internal emotions influence memory retrieval Context effect being in the same context as in learning D j vu current situation unconsciously reminds one of an earlier experience Moods some memories are dependent on moods and being in the same mood can help recall memory Why do we forget Encoding failure is failing to encode the information If the information is not encoded it cannot be remembered Motivated forgetting was developed by Freud and he said it was unknowingly revising memories Repressing is banishing anxiety causing thoughts How do misinformation imagination and source amnesia influence our memory construction Our imagination affects memories by reconstructing memories Source amnesia is not being able to remember where a memory came from What is the controversy related to repressed and recovered memories Nadean Cool went to a therapist because she was having emotional problems After 15 hour marathon tests guided imagery and hypnosis the therapist told her she had 130 different personalities and she had been sexual abused as a child This was false and the therapist was sued Most professionals say that if there was sexual abuse or something traumatic you are less likely to forget than remember Chapter 12 Personality What was Freud s view on personality and its development Personality is formed during childhood There is conflict between desires and social restraints Negative wishes are pushed into the unconsciousness Personality is developed from the effort of resolving conflicts How do humanistic psychologists view personality and what is their goal in studying personality They wanted to show people that healthy people could grow towards self actualization if they were happy and well taken care of They believed that with empathy and acceptance people can become more self aware and more realistic How do humanistic psychologists asses a person s sense of self Some believe self concept questionaires are the best while others thing face to face situations are better How do psychologists use traits to describe personality Genetic dispositions mainly influence personality What are personality inventories Tests to define someone s personality They are EMPIRACLLY derived List the five traits that provide the most information about personality Conscientiousness Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness Extraversion Extra Reading and Videos Mnemonic Wizards Incredible Feats of Memory Tatiana is the Memoriad Champion Each card has a word so you go through the deck of cards and create a memory 6 of hearts is HASH H hearts the suite And SH six the number Rajan can remember numbers very well He assigns every 3 numbers a small story and remembers all the small story Dr Erickson studies the phenomenon of photographic memory He says it does not exist You remember things that are meaningful Stress and Memory High stress causes people to forget Mice hate swimming so