PSYC 107 1nd EditionLecture 23Outline of Last LectureI. What Impacts Memory?II. OverviewIII. Paradoxial and Fallible MemoryIV. The Woman Who Can’t ForgetV. Memory of Common ItemsVI. Book and MemoryVII. Memory DemonstrationsVIII. Memory IllusionIX. Information processingOutline of Current LectureI. Modified Three Stage ModelII. Storage: Retaining InformationIII. How We EncodeIV. Memory EffectsV. What We EncodeVI. First StorageVII. Working MemoryVIII. Long Term MemoryIX. Storing MemoriesCurrent LectureI. Modified Three Stage Model- 1 – some information can skip the first two stages and will go directly to long term memory Space Time FrequencyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Above use automatic processing which is when information goes straight into the LT (long term) memory - 2 – short term memory is now known as Working Memory II. Storage: Retaining Information- When we see events, the information goes to sensory memory where it is encoded into working memory then encoded into long term memory - In order to remember memories, memories are retrieved from long term memory into working memory and then retrieved from working memory into ourbrains- The process of encoded and retrieving from working memory and long term memory is how we learnIII. How We Encode- Effortful processing: processing the information uses attention and effort- Ways to effortful process Rehearsal: Maintenance - If given the number 422-5698- Maintenance is repeating the number over and over Elaborate - Creating ways of remembering- Given the number 422-5698- 4 = 2 + 2 and 5 is one less than 6 while 9 is one more than 8 Relearning Ebbinghaus was the pioneer of this theory The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning Ebbinghaus memorized nonsense syllables (fhk)- Tried to recall them the next day; memorized them- Tried to recall them the next day; memorized them- Eventually using this process he memorized all of them- Level of processing Visual Shallow Copying notes and wordsSematic Creating meaning of what you are processingDeeperCreating outlinesSummarizing in your own wordsIV. Memory Effects- What things effect our memory Spacing Effect Retain information when it is rehearsed over time Spaced vs massed practice (“cramming”) Serial Position Effect When your recall is better for the first and last item on a list and is poor for the middle items- Recency effect - Works on the last word used- Relies on ST memory- Primary effect- Works on the first effect- There wasn’t anything before this word to remember- Relies on LT memory- Von Restorff Memory- Works on unusual items in the listV. What We Encode- Encoding my meaning Meaningful memory vs nonsense word More likely to remember meaningful word Try to remember phrases by visualizing them or counting the number of words- Encoding by images Mental pictures are a powerful aid in remembering Very powerful when combined with sematic encoding Mnemonics (tricks used) ROY G BIV- Encoding by organization Break down complex information into broad concepts and then into smaller concepts Heigharcy – complex broken into smaller (graphs) Chunking – chunking the concept into smaller pieces VI. First Storage- Uses sensory images- It is like a snapshot that is taken then it fades Eidetic (photographic memory) is very rare and may or may not even exist- Types: Iconic Visual Last less than a second Sperlings studied this Echoic Auditory Information lasts three to four secondsVII. Working Memory- Capacity of remembering numbers is 5 to 9 numbers- Better at remembering numbers that letters- 20 second recallVIII. Long Term Memory- The capacity for LT is virtually endless- The endurance is high Permastore memories can last years or decades- Errors Semantic errors in LT memories Terrier vs Poodle Acoustic errors in ST memories Noodle vs PoodleIX. Storing Memories- Synaptic changes Learning results in increased release of serotonin and increased efficiency- Long term potentiation Synaptic enhancement after learning LT potentiation becomes more efficient over time More receptor
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