lOMoARcPSD 55292458 Scan to open on Studocu Scan to open on Studocu Biology 101 Final Study Guide Biology 101 Final Study Guide Principles Of Biology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Principles Of Biology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Connor Woodward cwsabre unc edu lOMoARcPSD 55292458 https quizlet com 28122849 bio 101 unc test 2 flash cards UNIT 1 Process of Science Ch 1 Distinguish between science and unjustified claims Explain how science is iterative Describe the elements of research design and explain how they impact scientific findings conclusions e g identify strengths and weaknesses in research related to bias sample size randomization and experimental control Formulate a testable hypothesis and design a controlled experiment Ch 2 6 2 8 and Ch 3 Macromolecules Classify polysaccharides based on their structure function in plants and animals Starch storage polysaccharide in plants stores glucose Glycogen storage polysaccharide in humans stored in liver and muscle cells broken down when alpha cells stimulate glucagon Chitin structural component of exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans Cellulose structural component in plants ex fiber cannot be broken down by human digestive system though some organisms do have enzymes that lets them digest them Describe how monomers join to form polysaccharides Dehydration reactions are those that link monomers together to form polymers during this reaction a water molecule is released Hydrolysis breaks polymers apart into monomers adds a water molecule Define lipids and explain their functions and properties in polar or non polar solvents Lipids are hydrophobic molecules that don t mix well with water There are 4 important types of lipids fats phospholipids cholesterol and steroids Phospholipids have hydrophobic water fearing or nonpolar tails and hydrophilic heads that face water water loving a polar solvent Draw protein structure and depict the consequence of mutations on normal structure and function Primary amino acids bonded by covalent bonds join to form peptide bonds Secondary shape of chain of amino acids alpha helices or beta sheets hydrogen bonds between R groups make the helices sheets retain their shapes and prevent them from falling apart they fold into functional shape globular fibrous Tertiary 3D shape of protein R groups Quaternary one or more polypeptide chains A mutation in the sequence of the polypeptide chain will change the secondary and tertiary structures therefore destroying the structure and function of the protein Proteins depend on their structure to accomplish their function Downloaded by Connor Woodward cwsabre unc edu lOMoARcPSD 55292458 Explain the molecular forces that hold protein structure together and that can be disrupted Covalent bonds hold the primary structure of proteins together also called peptide Hydrogen bonds hold the secondary structure together between the amino end of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the next Tertiary structure is held together by different interactions of R groups this includes hydrogen and covalent bonding Not all proteins have quaternary structure but it is also held together by R group bonds interactions Identify how the human body uses macromolecules from food Macromolecules give us energy from the food that we eat The material we need to make our own macromolecules also comes from the food we ingest and is suitable for functions of the human body One of the four types of lipids cholesterol is used in cell membranes Identify macromolecules in food labels and make calculations about these macromolecules relative to the label Possible Test Question A snack bar contained 22 g of total carbohydrates with 10 g of sugar What else do we know The bar has 12 g of polysaccharides Explain the effects of varying the amounts of the different macromolecules in your diet such as saturated fats proteins simple complex carbohydrates Tour of the cell Ch 4 4 22 Predict structure of the prokaryotic cell that would be antibiotics targets Ribosomes would be targeted because they are smaller and differ in molecular structure in prokaryotes Therefore antibiotics can target them without destroying the host organism s other ribosomes Cell Wall Other antibiotics work to destroy information pathways Block DNA replication so cells can t reproduce Downloaded by Connor Woodward cwsabre unc edu lOMoARcPSD 55292458 Block protein production by targeting prokaryotic ribosomes Describe how a protein is synthesized and exported from a cell and how disease can be caused when this process goes awry Explain how insulin producing cells are like dysfunctional factories when a person is diabetic Diabetics are constantly having to monitor their own blood sugar to know if their insulin levels are too high or too low because their bodies are incapable of completing that function for them Membranes Ch 5 5 9 Interpret experiments about protein production and make conclusions about why protein production is impaired in cystic fibrosis Protein misfolding from a nucleotide deletion doesn t allow ions to be properly expelled from the cytoplasm through protein channels so an unwanted electric potential attracts cations that make up the salt responsible for the saltiness and mucus in the condition Basically there is too much mucus present for the proteins to be produced properly Categorize molecules that cross membranes freely and those that do not The membrane is made up of the phospholipid bilayer The hydrophilic water loving polar heads face outward and the hydrophobic water fearing non polar fatty acid tails face inward Small nonpolar molecules such as O2 and CO2 may cross easily Large polar molecules or ions need assistance crossing the membrane which calls for the use of facilitated diffusion Although water molecules are polar they are so small they can diffuse through the membrane at a slow rate through the process of osmosis Protein structures known as aquaporins help with facilitated diffusion of water across the membrane for cells requiring a more rapid intake of H2O Discriminate between passive transport active transport and bulk transport of molecules across a membrane 1 Passive transport diffusion across a membrane without ATP include facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion of nonpolar molecules down the concentration gradient 2
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