Guided Reading Re-read 13.5 and 13.6 (pages 262 and 263) and read Chapter 19 (pages 390-407).1.) How are homologous structures used to organize the history of life into an evolutionary tree? 2.) Chordates evolved over time into craniates. What are craniates and how do they differ from the chordates? NOTE: Choradates possess a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, a notochord (strong flexible rod that runs most of the length of their body), pharyngeal slits, and a post anal tail. (For a picture refer to page 383).3.) How are vertebrates different from craniates?4.) Hagfish and lamphreys both lack jaws. What anatomical feature distinguishesthe lamphrey from the hagfish?*Note: Hagfish exude an enormous amount of slime to defend themselves againstpredators and lamphreys use their tongues to penetrate the skin of their prey (fish) and feast on their blood and tissues, yikes!5.) The evolution of jaws led to new feeding opportunities in vertebrates. How did the hinged jaw evolve?6.) Approximately when did paired fins evolve?7.) Which anatomical feature of the ray-finned fish allows it to breathe without swimming? 8.) Life on land evolved from an ancestor that the lobe-finned fish share with tetrapods. What is a tetrapod?9.) Of the five fossil found that have helped us understand how life adapted to land, which was the most similar to modern tetrapods? Why?10.) Acanthostega is hypothesized to have lived in the water. Why?11.)What startling conclusion scientists come to upon the discovery of Acanthostega.12.)Compare and contrast the eggs of amphibians and reptiles.13.)Diagram and define the different parts of an amniotic egg.14.)What features have modern birds evolved that make them well suited for flight?15.) Reptiles are ectothermic while birds are endothermic. What does this mean?16.) What are the two distinguishing traits of mammals?17.) What is a monotreme? Do montremes exist today?18.)What is a marsupial and how does it differ from a eutherian?19.)Although humans never lived in trees, the human body possesses many of thetraits that evolved in our tree-dwelling ancestors including both monkeys and apes. How do monkeys differ from apes?20.) What is a hominin? 21.)What are the two key differences between chimpanzees and humans? 22.)What evidence do scientists have that suggests hominins were a transitional species in human
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