1 Be able to identify which study materials are on Sakai and which on the Study Area of CHAPTER 1 Introduction To Science OBJECTIVES Mastering Biology a Sakai Study Materials Supplemental Instruction Info Old tests Videos Powerpoint figures pictures from lecture Study strategies Tutoring information b Mastering Bio Study Materials Videos Activities 2 Be able to apply major biology themes a Systems emergent properties b Correlation of structure function if we know about the functionality of a process the structures can be detected from the study o Information flow c Exchange of matter energy as organisms interact with environment d e Exchange and storage f Evolution across topics 3 Apply properties of life to evaluate whether or not an object is alive a Seven Properties and Processes associated with Life Order living cells are the bases of complex organization of life all living things are made of cells Reproduction Organisms reproduce their own kind Growth and Development inherited information in the form of DNA controls the pattern of growth and development for all organisms Energy processing Living things rely on some form of energy nutrients to power their own activities and chemical reactions Response to the Environment all living organisms have some kind of response to environmental stimuli Regulation Many mechanisms regulate an organism s internal environment keeping it within limits that sustain life Evolutionary Adaptation Life forms evolve over generations based on certain organisms having greater reproductive success and passing on their heritable traits 4 Describe give examples of levels of biological organization from molecules to the biosphere noting interrelationships among levels a The study of life extends from the global scale of the biosphere to the microscopic scale of molecules i ii iii iv v vi i ii i i ii iii iv v vi vii i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x xi i ii iii i ii Biosphere all of the environments on earth that support life Ecosystem all of the organisms living in a particular area Community entire array of organisms in an ecosystem Population all of the individuals of a particular species living in an area Organism individual living thing Organ system consists of several organs that cooperate in a specific function Organ consists of several functioning tissues that cooperate in a specific function Tissue consists of groups of similar cells that perform a specific function Cell fundamental unit of life the smallest unit at which all the characteristics of life are present Organelle a membrane enclosed structure that performs a specific function of the cell Molecule cluster of small chemical units called atoms held together by chemical bonds 5 Compare the dynamics of nutrients and energy in an ecosystem a All organisms interact with their environment other organisms and physical factors Plants are the producers that provide food for the ecosystem The consumers of the ecosystem eat plants and other animals Small animals fungi and bacteria in the soil decompose wastes and remains of dead animals b Two major processes Recycling of chemicals the most basic chemicals necessary for life carbon dioxide oxygen water and various minerals cycle within an ecosystem from the air and soil to plants animals and decomposers and back to the air and soil The flow of energy ecosystem gains and loses energy constantly 1 Energy flows into the ecosystem when plants and other photosynthesizers absorb light energy from the sun and convert it to the chemical energy of sugars and other complex molecules 2 Energy is lost from the system when energy is lost as heat when 6 Explain how evolution leads to adaptation and explains both the unity and the diversity of converting from organism to other organism life a Evolution the process of change that has transformed life on earth from its b Charles Darwin published On the Origin of the Species by Means of Natural earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today Selection i Main points 1 living species today arose from a succession of ancestors that differed from them 2 Natural Selection a Observation 1 individual variation i i Individuals in a population vary in their traits many of which are inherited from parents to offspring b Observation 2 Overproduction of offspring All species can produce far more offspring than the environment can supports c d i Inference 1 Unequal Reproductive Success individuals with heritable traits best suited to the local environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than are less well suited individuals Inference 2 Accumulation of favorable traits over time As a result of this unequal reproductive success over many generations a higher and higher proportion of individuals in the population will have the advantageous traits i c Artificial Selection our crops livestock and pets bear little resemblance to wild ancestors genes from totally unrelated species have been inserted into plants to increase crop yields 7 Utilize scientific thinking including formulating testable hypotheses and designing controlled experiments a Hypothesis proposed explanation for a set of observations b Theory much broader scope than hypothesis and is supported by a large and c Controlled experiment an experiment that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group groups differ only in one factor usually growing body of evidence CHAPTER 3 Molecules OBJECTIVES 1 Explain how a cell can make large molecules from a small set of molecules a Dehydration Reaction process by which monomers are linked together to form polymers monomer loses a H atom and short polymer loses OH so this process releases H 2 O Hydrolysis the opposite of dehydration reaction process by which monomers are broken down and digested to make them available to cells literal meaning to break down with water i lipids and proteins b Macromolecules includes three large classes of molecules Carbohydrates c Polymers the chains of smaller molecules that make up macromolecules d Monomers building blocks of polymers cells link monomers together to form e Enzymes specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in the polymers through a dehydration reaction cell 2 Describe polysaccharides explain their functions a Polysaccharides long chains of sugar units macromolecules polymers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions i ii iii iv Glycogen polysaccharide in which animals store glucose
View Full Document
Unlocking...