Evolution of Plant Diversity Class DiscussionI. The first eukaryotes were unicellular a. Primary endosymbiosis gave rise to the algal ancestors of plants.(Heterotrophic Eukaryote) Cyanobacterium Engulfed by a eukaryote Involved into a Chloroplast Unicellular Green/Red Algae (Autotrophic Eukaryote)i. The evolution of a Cyanobacterium into a Chloroplast in a eukaryotic cell lead to the first autotrophic, photosynthesizing eukaryote.1. Heterotroph: obtain energy by consuming other plants and/or animals.Example: furry friend relying on plants to get energy. Humans consume plants and animals to obtain energy2. Autotroph – “self-feeders”: make their own food and sustain themselves without obtaining organic molecules from other organismsExample: Algae, plants, bacteria (cyanobacterium)II. Photosynthesis – A brief review!a. Plants convert CO2 and H2O to Glucose and O2. III. CO2+H2O glucose + O2IV. Reduced/oxidizedWHERE DOES THE MASS OF A TREE COME FROM?The mass of a tree comes from Carbon (air) due to photosynthesis. Tightly compacted carbon molecules.V. The abundance of sunlight and atmospheric CO2 provided a ripe environment for the earliest plants as adapted to land.a. Label the plants in the diagram. Algae- Moss- BrophytesFern-Tree- GenospermFlower- Angiospermb. The four key adaptations for life on land:1. Supporting the plant body – mechanical strength by lignin in the cell wall allow plants to grow to very impressive heights2. Maintain moisture- waxy cuticle prevented water loss3. Obtain resources from two different locations – vascular tissue of plants allowed them to obtain minerals from shoots and roots4. Reproduction and dispersal- seeds/pollen. Wind/animalsc. The alteration of generation allows plants to have both multicellular diploid and haploid bodies.i. GENERATION I: In plants the zygote undergoes mitosis and develops into a diploid plant called the sporophyte. This plant undergoes meiosis and releases haploid spores (note, these are not the gametes!) out into the environment. (moss and ferns)ii. GENERATION II: Spores undergo mitosis and develop into a haploid plant, or gametophyte that produces gametes (sperm and egg), which meet during fertilization.Chance seedling – green apples, never turned red, saved seeds lots of green applesComplete the chart! Algae Moss(Bryophytes)Ferns Pine trees(Gymnosperms)Flowering plants(Angiosperms)Xylem X x xWaxy cuticlex x XStomata x x x xSeeds x xPhloem x x xFruit xLignin x x xFlagellated spermx xEmbryo develops attached to parentx x x xPollen x xMitosis x x x x xWind pollinationx xSpores x xEvolution of Vertebrate Diversity Class DiscussionChordates, Craniates, Vertebrates, Jawed Vertebrates, Tetrapods, Amniotes, Brain, head, vertebrate, jaws, lungs, lobed fin, legs, amniotic, milk/hairDerived Character- set members of a species and its descendants apart from their ancestorsWater to land adaptations in vertebrates:1. What structures do animals need to walk on land?Limbs (bear weight), neck (shoulder bones are not connected to the scull directly), strong backbone (spine got stronger for support)2. How can animals prevent drying out from their body surfaces when not immersed in water?Moist skin supplements their lungs for gas exchange (skin is waterproof, scales - keratin) Scales waterproof with the tough protein keratin, keeps body from drying out3. How do fish and amphibians disperse gametes?Release eggs in water (external fertilization)4. How is this different from lizards, birds, and mammals?Maintained inside organisms (internal fertilization)5. How do fish and amphibians keep their developing young hydrated? Keep them in the water6. How is this different from lizards, birds, and mammals?Carry young, in sack, amniotic eggs carry and hatch. Specialized structure filled with fluid that protects the embryo and provides nutrients.7. Why are birds and mammals endothermic?Warm blooded and have methods of heat retention because they have a high metabolism, greater energy needs. Can use the heat that’s generated by their metabolism to maintain body temperatureClades can be based on morphology-Similarity of many morphological characteristics are used (color, size, structure, etc)Most recent clades are based on molecular similaritiesGrouping activityaminiotic eggs hair invertebrates frog snakelamprey monotreme swim bladder tetrapods mammalsmockingbird endothermic milk shark hollow bonespaired fins hagfish aquatic reptiles monotremeswaterproof skin tuna fish cartilage skeleton turtle eutherianscaecilians cow kangaroo lungs ectothermicMake 5 different groups with these words. Words may overlap and be in two groups.Study tip: add to this list and try again and make a concept map with this
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