Mitosis: How Cells Reproduce Class DiscussionI. ReproductionA. Asexual reproduction – reproduction that creates offspring without the participation of sperm and egg. (cellular division results in the production of an entire organism; individuals grow from fragmented pieces) cellular division can result in a whole new organism1. What cells use it? What organisms use it?Bacteria, yeast (unicellular organism), single-celled organism (prokaryotes)2. Consequence- the parents and the offspring are genetically identicalB. Sexual reproduction – requires fertilization of an egg by spermCome up with a list of actions or events that an animal cell must undergo to achieve division.Duplicate DNAGrow, make more organelles and more macromoleculesStages of mitosis: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesisHas to receive signs – GROWTH FACTOR – to divideProduction of spindle fibersChromatin must turn into chromosomeII. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle-(2 phases) - Interphase, mitotic phaseA. Interphase (precedes both mitosis and meiosis) –3 subphases: - GI (Gap Phase)o growth: more organelles, more macromolecules are synthesizedo cell is carrying out its functiono DNA is replicated or synthesized- S Phase(after DNA has replicated) chromosome, sister chromatid, (cell division) independent chromosomes ending up into two different cellsAnatomy of chromosomes:-Chromosome = a double stranded DNA molecule-Sister chromatids = duplicated chromosomes that are connected, each chromatid will become a chromosome in the daughter cell.-Constricted region of a chromosome = centromere-Protein complex that forms at the centromere to connect chromatids to microtubule spindle fibers =kinetochorehistones = proteins that the DNA double helix winds around.heterochromatin = when DNA is tightly wound up.B. Mitosis. What cells in your body perform this? Somatic cells! AKA body cells (M)- 4 subphases: IPPMAT, interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophaseAnimal cell, cleavage furrow Plant cell, cell platePRACTICE: To the left is a picture of all the chromosomes of an animal cell in G1 of the cell cycle. Draw what this cell willlook like at:1) G22) Metaphase3) After cytokinesisG2 Metaphase After cytokinesisReplicates all sister chromatins(2 of each shape) genetically identicalsynthesizedIII. CancerHow are cancer cells different from other cells?Tumor:- Benign (non-cancerous): this is not cancero Does not spread, it can eventually becomes malignant in some
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