L06: Energy and Enzymes and Cellular Respiration Guided Reading Qs (Do these before the Mastering Assignment.) (Reading 5.10-5.16 and 6.1-6.6) Reading Objectives: • Differentiate kinetic, potential, and chemical energy. In subsequent lessons, identify how these types of energy relate to cellular respiration and photosynthesis. • Compare and contrast cellular respiration and photosynthesis as energy reactions. • Explain the relationship between ATP and ADP. • Identify functions of enzymes and the conditions they work best at. • Explain how enzyme reactions are inhibited. • Explain the purpose of aerobic respiration and name the inputs and outputs. • Describe the significance of coenzymes in aerobic respiration. Modules 5.10-11 1. The two basic forms of energy are: a. Kinetic b. Thermal Match each type of energy to one of these two forms you listed above: The spinning movement of a protein as protons move through its channels kinetic The energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose. thermal The release of heat from your body when you exercise. thermal The sunlight that powers photosynthesis. kinetic Energy in the universe can be transferred or transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed. 2. Why is a plant cell thought of as an energy transformer? It is an energy transformer because it transforms light energy into chemical energy, which is useable for the plant cell. 3. How is burning fuel in your car or burning wood similar to how your body uses fuel? How is it different? They are alike because they are both exergonic reactions. They differ because burning is a one step process that releases all the energy at once while cellular respiration involves many steps that are each separate chemical reactions Define cellular respiration: 4. Fill out the table below: List the reactants. Are these “energy-rich” or “energy-poor”? List the products. Are these “energy-rich” or “energy-poor”? Photosynthesis Energy-poor Energy-rich Cellular Respiration Energy-rich Energy-poorModule 5.12 5. How do the structures of ATP and ADP differ? ATP has three phosphate groups and is a triphosphate while ADP has two phosphate groups and is a diphosphate. 6. How does phosphorylation lead to cellular work? What are examples of “cellular work”? Phosphorylation leads to cellular work by inputting energy into chemical, mechanical, and transport cellular work. Examples of cellular work would be active transport of a solute across the membrane against the concentration gradient. Module 5.13 and 5.14 7. What does the activation energy of a chemical reaction specifically do to reactants? What do enzymes do to the activation energy? Activation energy of a chemical reaction weakens/contorts the reactants molecular bonds so that they can be broken, and new ones can form, it activates the reactant. Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to begin. 8. Draw a graph with two lines. One line will represent a reaction without an enzyme and the other will represent an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Your Y-axis should be labeled as increasing energy and your X-axis should be labeled “progress of reaction”. Be sure to label the activation energy for both reactions. 9. True or False? Defend you answer for each (i.e. state why a particular statement is true or correct a false statement). False Enzymes are consumed in reactions. Enzymes speed up reactions without being consumed by them True Enzymes are always proteins. Almost all enzymes are proteins False “Substrate” is another word for reactant. Substrate is a specific reactant that an enzyme acts on True Enzymes are specific An enzymes shape determines its specificity False An enzyme may have multiple types of active sites to bind multiple types of substrates. Only a specific substrate can fit into an active site Increasing Energy Progress of Reaction10. What conditions do most enzymes work best at? Enzymes work best in normal body temperatures and a neutral PH (6-8) 11. The cereal you ate this week, even if it was Fruit Loops, contained metals found on the periodic chart such as zinc and iron. What are these metals doing in your cereal? And wait…is there a connection between chemistry and biology??? These metals are coenzymes for a number of enzymes that are involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids. Module 5.15 11. Examine figure 5.15. Explain in your words what this illustration describes, being sure to define all the vocabulary words from this illustration. The illustration describes enzyme inhibition and the two types of inhibitors that cause it to occur. The first type, competitive inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme so that the substrate cannot, while the second type, noncompetitive inhibitor binds to the actual enzyme so that the active site changes shape and the substrate can no longer fit into the active site.Module 5.16 12. The books discusses how the same enzyme that transmits nerve impulses can be inhibited in insects and lead to death but when inhibited in a slightly different way in humans can be used as anesthesia for surgical procedures. What is the difference in this inhibition? One inhibition is irreversible and one is reversible Chapter 6: Overview of Respiration Modules 6.1-6.3 1. How does energy cycle through an ecosystem, as shown in Figure 6.1? Sunlight provides energy for photosynthesis to occur in the chloroplasts of plant cells and algae, photosynthesis releases oxygen and organic molecules that then are used by the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells for cellular respiration which releases the energy ATP that is used for cellular work in the cell and heat energy. Cellular respiration also produces carbon dioxide and water that is taken in by the chloroplast and the energy cycle occurs again. What is different about how matter cycles? Matter is not created or destroyed, but it is recycled between the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis. What organisms can perform cellular respiration? Plants, animals, fungi, and protists. 2. Deep breath in…. deep breath out. How is breathing related to cellular respiration? Breathing is related to cellular respiration because we breath in oxygen which travels to our cells and is used to perform cellular respiration and the waste product of cellular respiration, C02 is then expelled from our lungs when we breath out What is the
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