Class Discussion Digestionstarchy riceDigestion in mouth?Digestion in stomach?Digestion in intestine?3 types of cells:1.2.3.____________________:The Duodenum.What happens here?digestion in the mouth (amalayze begins to break down starch)forms food ball – bollus – moves down the esophagussmooth muscle will contract and relax as it moves food and reaches stomachstomach – fish protein digested firstenzyme in stomach – pepsin – substrate: fish protein – amino acids!The acidity of stomach juice (chyme) drops, so when pancreatic juice is mixed, bile from the liver is also released, and mixes with the chimeThere are some digestive enzymes coming in and the pancreatic juiceZymogins – inactive, become active when enzyme3 types of cells-parietal cells- secrete HCLchief cells- produce and secrete pepsinogenmucous cells- produce mucous which lines your stomach and protects itdigestion in the intestinesechum- first part of the LI, home to intestinal bacteria (they can digest some plant fibers)MacromoleculeFinal digested monomers that are absorbed Location(s) of macromolecule digestionNames of enzymes that act on each macromoleculeAnswer the following questions from the video: “What’s on my plate?”1) List a few of the different types of foods that you find on shelves at the supermarket? What are our choices?2) What is the difference between organic and non-organic food? Organic- federally regulated. Synthetic materials vs. not. Farm plan for organic.3) Can a genetically modified plant be organic? 4) Can you use any pesticides on organic crops?5) How might one’s budget influence what type of food they purchase?6) Does Dr. Tom Irons attribute the changes we are seeing in young people to the hormones in milk that is not organic?7) How does Lowes foods feel about local food? Why don’t they supply all local food to their customers?8) How is “local” food defined?9) What are genetically modified crops? How are they similar to conventionally bred crops?10) How do Dr. Greg Copenhaver (UNC scientist on panel) and Dr Tom Irons (doctor and health care provider on panel) feel about genetically modified food?11) Do GMOs currently have any health benefits?12) Are there labeling requirements for GMOs?13) Are GMO seeds used to feed animals?Class Discussion Digestion II1. Comparing/contrasting physical characteristics of germ free and conventionally raised mice: Germ free = skinnier mouse has no bacteriaConventionally raised = bacteria in gutGerm free Conventionally raisedVisually Skinny Fatter than germ freeBody composition Low body fat Higher body fatFood consumption Eat more Eat relatively lessDigestion/energy extraction from foodPoor digestion, Less energyBetter digestion, More energySource of genes Parents Parents/bacterial genomeWhat would happen if bacteria were added back to a germ free mouse?The mouse would eat less and gain more weight2. Our gut bacteria can be considered a second digestive system.3. Basic science example (from Turnbaugh PJ 2008, Cell Host & Microbe): Can diet affect the structure and function of our gut microbial community? YesExperiment 1:Genetically identical mice with same gut microbial community were divided into oneof the following diet groups:GROUP A: Normal mouse diet (high fiber, low fat and sugar)GROUP B: High sugar and fat diet Which group of mice gained the most weight?Group BWhich group of mice gained the most body fat?Group BWhat happens to the gut microbial communities of these mice after 8 weeks?Group 1 and 1a increased with the western diet and Group 2 increased with the highfiber dietNormal mouse diet (high fiber)High fat & sugar dietGut microbial structural changes (use graphs above)75% group 120% group 298% group 12% group 1Preferred energy source ofnewly abundant bacteria Group 2 Group 1, 1aMetabolic function of newly abundant bacteria----- -----What conclusions can you make on the effect of diet on the gut microbial community? Group 1 bacteria will cause you to gain more weightDiet changes the micro composition in the gutExperiment 2: Germ free mice on the normal mouse diet (high fiber) received fecal transplants from mice on one of the following diets:GROUP A: Normal mouse diet (high fiber, low fat and sugar)GROUP B: High sugar and fat diet Bacterial group 1Bacterial Group 2Bacterial Group 1aMouse foodWesternMouse foodWestern% bacteria of total community% bacteria of total communityAfter 2 weeksThe mice with the western microbiota gained the most weight; the mice with the high fiber microbiota gained less weight (Western bacteria was better at extracting nutrients – weight gain) After 8 weeksThere will be an even bigger separation between the two and the western will have gained even more weight because the microbes are better at breaking down the foodand extracting nutrients causing weight gain, body fat**C, because they’re eating mouse food and it will look more like the mouse food example overtime Normal mouse diet(high fiber)High sugar and fat dietAmount of food eatenAmount of body fatWeight gainEnergy harvesting capacity of gut microbiotaDonor:Mouse foodDonor:WesternDonor:Mouse foodDonor:WesternHow did a high fat/high sugar diet change the function of the microbiota?What do you think would happen in 6 weeks if the mice given the “Western” microbiota continued on the normal mouse diet (use empty graph above)? What diet is more representative of the American diet? How are these studies important in the search for successful treatments for
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