Jessica Rose Senzer Psychology 111 Chapter 14 Study Guide personality how an individual typically thinks feels and behaves relatively enduring dispo sitions that influence behavior traits personal qualities that influence behavior across many situations nomothetic approach focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behavior of all in dividuals attempts to derive broad consistent principle across people impersonal idiographic approach focuses on the unique characteristics of an individual including their personal history it is more personal Similar to a case study or autobiography The Origins of Personality genetic factors shared environment factors like experiences that make people in a family alike non shared environmental factors like experiences that make people in the same family less alike or when kids are raised differently or apart from each other twin studies are often used to separate out all of the influences of different factors correlations less than 1 such correlations indicate the role of non shared environmental in fluences psychic determinism a core idea of Freud s psychoanalytic theory of personality the as sumption that all psychological events have a cause and all actions are a result of powerful in ner forces Freudian slips slips of the tongue resulting from internal psychological conflict symbolic meaning all actions are meaningful and symbolic of deeper processing unconscious motivation we rarely ever understand what we do but we can readily make The Id the reservoir of primitive impulses the devil on the shoulder operates on the pleasure up reasons for doing what we do principle Give me what I want now The Superego sense of morality and philosophical beliefs The Ego the boss of the personality the angel on the shoulder the decision maker that inter acts with the real world and finds a way to make the other two aspects id and superego happy operates on the reality principle and postpones gratification until an appropriate outlet is found defense mechanisms unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety repression make the problem unconscious denial claim the problem does not exist rationalization make it sound reasonable displacement direct it towards something else reaction formation transform into the exact opposite projection accuses someone else of it regression return psychologically to an earlier stage sublimation channel feelings into something productive factor analysis statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on per sonality inventories and other measures it takes a bunch of variables and sees which ones are related in order to find fewer and more general factors The Big Five OCEAN openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness and neu openness to experience appreciation for art emotion adventure unusual ideas new expe conscientiousness how careful and responsible self discipline planned as opposed to roticism riences etc spontaneous behavior extraversion how social and lively sensation seeking in the company of others energy agreeableness easy to get along with compassionate and cooperative towards others neuroticism tendency to experience negative emotions easily how tense and or moody lexical approach approach of proposing that most crucial features of personality are embed ded in language If something is important we most likely talk about it reciprocal determinism personality behavior cognition and the environment all influence each other locus of control whether people believe that reinforcers and publishers lie inside or outside of their control internal believe life events both good and bad are a result of one s actions external belief that life events are a result of chance and fate structured personalty tests paper and pencil assessments consisting of questions that indi viduals can only answer in one of a few ways such tests are most common and are subjective Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory 567 true false questions and 10 sales that measure how much you rate on a given dimensions such as depression or schizophrenia De veloped by an empirical method of construction low face validity includes validity scales to measure how accurately an individual is responding projective tests ask examinees to interpret or make sense of ambiguous stimuli projective hypothesis when interpreting ambiguous stimuli people project aspects pf their personality onto them reliability and validity are in dispute An example would be an inkblot test PT Barnum Effect the tendency to accept high base rate descriptors as accurate Examples include astrology and tarot readings Personality assessment is useful overall but only if you use valid and reliable instruments
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