Ethics and Research Issues in research 05 07 2013 Milgrim Study deception research o people were lied to o obedience to authority o the real subject was the teacher strapped learner down learner makes mistakes and the teachers had to shock each time How far would they go Experts were asked they believed less then 1 would complete and then 60 completed Would you kills someone because you told them to Was there risk of psych harm Yes Was harm worth risk Yes Changed the way we think about humans can we really kill This experience proved that people can be manipulated into murder someone Yes under certain situations Animal Research Used when its absolutely unethical to do on people Harlow monkey attachment work o Took baby monkeys from their mothers o Self abuse Messed up mothering abilities o Harlow s isolation reared monkeys exhibited poor parenting skills as adults o Orphanages understand the out comes Cat work Evolution Genes Behavior 05 07 2013 Evolution Genes and Behavior Important Terms DNA Genes patterns of inheritance Chromosomes o Organized so we get one copy from bio mom and bio dad o 46 chromosomes in total o Dominant and recessive traits o Down Syndrome extra 21 chromosome o Most errors are fatal o 50 or pregnancies terminate by themselves because of chromosomal error Range of Reaction and Heritability o How much can be determined How much is genetic how much is environmental Variability o How much can a trait be determined by an environment Eye color is predetermined range of reaction Height can be changed not enough nutrients Theory of natural selection Forces selected for and against various traits that varied within a Charles Darwin population Evolution Natural selection rests on three on idea o Variability in a characteristic o Characteristic must be inherited o Fitness Ex Cheetahs something happened to them maybe disease o High range of genetic disorders closely related o Very vulnerable Industrial Melanism peppered moths o Light or dark colored moths o Because of pollution white moths have become more populated Traits are adaptive Speculative hominid family tree developed by Ian Tattersall Notice that this model is not linear but a branching tree A question to ponder Why are we alone Giant head tiny pelvis Birth is difficult Babies are born early they are dependent Survival of offspring Solutions vary Precocious species o Ex Reptiles High number of offspring over an amount of time and at one time Hopes that out of a lot of offspring few will survive Dependent o Humans Doesn t work well having more then one or two at a time Ethology and Comparative Psychology Ethology branch of biology that studies animal behavior under How much is biologically driven Comparative psych a psych discipline that compares the behavior natural conditions of various species Ethology Species specific behaviors behaviors that characterize a species biologically driven o Tickle chimps they will laugh o We walk upright species specific locomotion o Orangutans swing Apes walk on knuckles and feet Sign stimuli releasing mechanisms o Sensory stimulation in the environment that trigger the stereotyped biologically driven behaviors Fixed action patterns o The actions that are triggered by the stimulation Ex Premature baby grabs cords with hand and feet like a monkey The stimuli is the cord and the fixed action pattern is the grab When something hits a baby s hands they grab on and hang there Ex Cats dangle a feather in front of them and they will attack Feather is releasing and he attack is the fixed action pattern Babies have giant heads Baby ness cues may act as releasing mechanism for nurturing behavior Important Ethological concept Supernormal Stimuli o Ex Birds lay eggs and turn them If different color sometimes bird will take care of it more o Sometimes if you exaggerate it works better o Bambi has hydrocephalus Disney uses to make ultra cute Are there releasing mechanisms for sexual attraction in humans Usually said yes but more recently said no Desmond Morris Typical mating position is missionary style Chimps mount from the rear Bonobos mate in any way possible Apes don t have breasts except when lactating Human woman have breast all the time Women have pigmented lips while apes don t When apes are sexually receptive their genitals swell Linking all this to mating behavior Simulating engorged ape o Fat genitals Most cultures reported sexual interests in breasts o Weren t hidden until westernized Most cultures don t sexualize the breasts Some cues for sexual attraction are learned Important Ethological Concepts Behavioral systems VERY COMPLEX System s of behaviors that all intertwine Bee dances notices bees goes back to hive and dances in front of other bees Thought it might be a type of communication Made a mechanical bee that mimicked bee dance Was a language that communicated what angle according to the sun to fly to find nectar Human language receptive and expressive sharing feelings knowledge emotional state Highly complex In part biologically driven Sensitive period Imprinting learned during a sensitive and critical period From birth to puberty Learn the complexity and is more receptive Genie could she have difficulty speaking because she was pass this point or because she was beaten when she made a sound Left ear right hemisphere yet she was right handed Baby listening to music right ear left hemisphere language learning Kids pick up languages more easily without an accent Most adults are right ear left hemisphere Imprinting Konrad Lorenz and Friends Geese imprint on first moving object they see Goslings have imprinted on their mother and follow exactly Imprinting isn t just about protection its also about species recognition Konrad Lorenz had goslings imprint on him and then they tried to mate with him as they go older Ewes and lambs know by smell Why did ewe reject second child Other examples Personal Space Bubble of space we claim as personal territory Is it biologically driven Some aspects are learned Its different from culture to culture US is large Middle Easter bathed in other persons breathe Gender different Men Front to rear Women Side to side People are territorial People sit in the same place usually Involved in reproduction Hummingbirds are territorial they establish territory Have aerial dog fights over territory Attraction to facial symmetry right and left sides of face are not identical the closer they are to being identical the more attractive people find you
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