Development across the Lifespan Prenatal Development Conception 2 weeks Periods of Prenatal Development Germinal zygote Embryonic embryo Fetal fetus 8 weeks From conception pregnancies average 38 weeks Teratogens interfere with development sometimes structures are missing Quickening when the woman feels the baby move for the first time around 2 8 weeks critical period for many of the body s developing systems 15 16 weeks Viability if birth happened the fetus has some chance of surviving 24 weeks many have cerebral palsy blindness deafness etc if born this early Teratogens Harmful agents that can cause problems during prenatal development maternal diseases Rubella can cause damage during embryonic period german measles caused deafness during the rubella epidemic Toxoplasmosis can cause damage during embryonic period eating undercooked red meat is the most common way to get this direct exposure to cat feces gardening Herpes the virus that cause sores herpes simplex 1 2 having an outbreak during birth exposes baby to virus Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs DES was a drug given to women through the 70s to prevent miscarriage research showed it didn t prevent miscarriage but the prescribed it anyway girls whose mothers took DES when genital structures were developing showed cases of cervical cancer a rare aggressive form 1 in 3 women exposed to DES have fertility issues Sons exposed to DES have a higher rate of testicular cancer Aspirin can cause hemorrhage post birth a slight decrease in IQ in children exposed to it chronically during pregnancy Caffeine may or may not cause problems in a developing embryo babies exposed sometimes show reflex differences startle responses sleep issues fetuses don t have the ability to break it down so it stays in their system much longer Cocaine they don t have the enzymes to break it down so they are exposed to it for days and days they are exposed to a higher percentage for longer a high enough dose can kill baby short gestation early birth digestive system abnormalities infants having strokes multi drug affect we don t know how other drugs combine with cocaine Alcohol can cause fetal alcohol syndrome causes facial deformities heads are smaller bc brains are smaller damage to brain is permanent tend to have disabilities attention span problems memory problems At lower amounts alcohol can be teratogenic even minimal amounts cause problems in attention Cigarettes several of the chemicals in cigarettes are teratogenic tar and nicotine cause deformities cleft palate lip can be caused by cigarettes associated with an increased risk in sudden infant death syndrome childhood cancers add etc Psychological approaches to birth Birth Issues Healthy normal event women easily give birth until recently they did it without a lot of help Medical problem we view births as a disease accident problem unsafe 93 95 give birth in a hospital under the supervision of a doctor us in Britain women give birth in a birthing center Midwives tend to have less problems with infant and mother mortality some problems may be doctor caused Approaches to Childbirth Traditional midwife low risk pregnancies in home birth women centered women call the shots low rate of intervention Certified nurse midwife low risk pregnancies in a birthing center or hospital women centered low rate of interventions OB GYN any risk level in a hospital higher rate of intervention Family practitioner low to moderate risk in a hospital Doula not a midwife just a woman that helps a woman birth psychologically emotionally sometimes they advocate for women Infertility a problem we can fix Infertility Issues 8 10 of people want to have children but for whatever reason can t after 1 year of trying couples are generally deemed infertile Safety of drugs tend to make women hyper ovulate have been associated with an increase in ovarian cancer High rate of multiple births which means they tend to be born earlier and smaller often have brain damage eye damage ear damage Ethical issues Attachment Cupboard Theories of Attachment the satisfaction of the oral need Freud oral fixation mom or dad feeds them and becomes associated with Behaviorism you become associated with feeding you feed they attach Importance of Touch Harlow s work with infant monkeys did not socialize well without touch and interaction as an infant Shows that primates need contact comfort necessary for development How do psychologists measure attachment Ask them how their babies respond have found that parents aren t good observers of their babies and they want to answer correctly Paper and pencil tests The strange situation Ainsworth Places the child under some stress to assess the quality of the child s attachment to their caregiver Child settles down to play Stranger enters the room and attempts to interact with baby Mother leaves room Stranger tries to comfort baby Mother comes back baby calms down Mother and stranger leave baby is stressed cries stranger comes back to try and comfort baby doesn t work Attachment Patterns Secure Shows secure attachment and stranger anxiety babies use their parent as a secure place to explore Using their parents to explore social referencing Baby falls and looks at mother reacts depending on parents reaction Separation anxiety baby cries when parent leaves Avoidant baby doesn t social reference doesn t use parents as a secure base don t show separation anxiety Associated with development problems Resistant anxious ambivalent babies in a strange situation become clingy Disorganized disoriented these babies don t hold on don t snuggle in and don t use their mom as a secure base sometimes fussy assume rigid postures have a dazed and confused facial expression Don t social reference not necessarily comforted when parents come back Has the worst developmental outlook predictive of problems in social development Some may have some degree of autism An abusive parent is more likely to have a developmentally disabled baby What happens when a baby does not have opportunity to attach Harlow Work with motherless monkeys Spitz Failure to thrive Skeels Longitudinal study of early deprivation Piaget trained as a biologist was a child prodigy got a job in the venee lab in paris his job to give the test to kids became fascinated with the wrong answers kids were giving studied cognitive development his whole life most famous cognitive developmental theorist interested in why kids the same age gave the same wrong answers
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