Classical and Instrumental operant Conditioning and social learning Learning Theory Classical Conditioning Also called Pavlovian conditioning Pavlov s dogs a light switched off right before a dog eats they salivate when the light is switched off even if no food is present you are not learning a new behavior making an association Allows us to prepare for environmental events by learning about the relationship between stimuli Terminology US unconditioned stimulus any stimulus that innately elicits a reflexive UCR UCR unconditioned response a reflexive innate response CS conditioned stimulus a stimulus that elicits a CR after pairings with a US CR conditioned response a response elicited by a CS Example Pavlovs dogs Before Conditioning US food CS sound of the bell UR UCR salivation CR salivation After conditioning Example Watson and Raynor with baby Classically conditioned the baby to fear animals by pairing a rat with a loud noise Before Conditioning US loud noise CS Rat UR fear crying CR Fear After Conditioning A learned food aversion Food poisoning can cause this Important classical conditioning phenomena Second order conditioning can condition another stimulus on top of the already conditioned stimulus response may be weaker Acquisition the process of conditioning learning phase Extinction if you present the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus Spontaneous recovery the response diminishes it can come back quickly because it the response will diminish is never really gone Generalization you extend the association to similar stimuli Ex a young child goes to the doctors and receives a shot The next day the child sees the Doctor in target and cries The pain from the shot is an example of the unconditioned stimulus The doctor is an example of the conditioned stimulus The crying in response to the doctor is the conditioned response The following week the child receives a shot and the next day goes to target and cries target is the secondary response Applications Classically conditioned drug tolerance Sexual fetishism Phobias Instrumental operant Conditioning Thorndike and the Law of Effect The strength of a response is determined by the consequences Instrumental operant conditioning and B F Skinner Developed The idea of operants The Skinner box cages kind of where you could control everything in the environment temp air pain put animals in and manipulated things to see different behaviors What is reinforcement and punishment Reinforcement anything that increases the frequency of a behavior Positive reinforcement adding something to the environment and the behavior Negative reinforcement subtracting something from the environment and the Punishment anything that decreases the frequency of a behavior Positive punishment adding something to the environment and the behavior Negative punishment subtracting something from the environment and the increases in frequency behavior increases decreases behavior decreases attention can be a reinforcement Important concepts for Instrumental Conditioning Generalization a stimulus reinforcer punishment response Discrimination context specific happened for one stimulus won t work on a another stimulus Ex Cannot reinforce dog to sit for anything but cut up cheese ie not for dog biscuits Shaping create a new behavior in subtle simple steps Schedules of reinforcement Ratio schedules Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed interval Variable interval Interval schedules of reinforcement work better for things where you want the kid or animal to be on track ie staying in your seat Observational learning and social learning theory The father of observational learning Bandura s infamous Bobo Doll experiment Discovered that children will imitate an adult model Implications Antisocial behaviors may be perpetuated Prosocial behaviors may also be perpetuated What about TV Symbolic modeling What about spanking Almost 80 of kids are spanked at least once in their life in the US Kids that are spanked more tend to be more aggressive
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