Psych 111 Test 3 Study Guide Chapter 11 Emotion and Motivation emotion mental state associated with our evaluation of an experience Discrete Emotions Theory believes that the limbic system evolved rst and that humans only experience a small number of distinct emotions These distinct emotions can combine in complex ways Emotions have biological roots and serve evolutionary functions primary emotions there are 7 universal emotions as proved by cross cultural research The 7 primary emotions are Sadness Surprise Happiness Anger Disgust Fear Contempt secondary emotions combinations of the 7 universal emotions that lead us to the creation of more complex emotions display rules how and when to express emotions Display rules differ across cultures and do not have an impact on the actual emotion Physiology of Emotion ability to differentiate emotions physiologically For instance one s heart rate increases when they feel fear happiness and sadness look the same in all brain scans real vs fake emotions we can use features of facial expressions to identify true emotions Cognitive Theories of Emotion poses the idea that emotions are products of thinking There are as many emotions as there are thoughts Cognition is how we think about things James Lange Theory emotions result from how we interpret our bodily reactions to stimuli Cannon Bard when an emotion provoking event leads to both an emotional and a bodily reaction Two Factor Theory emotion comes from two distinct psychological events The rst factor factor 1 is an undifferentiated state of arousal The second factor factor 2 is an attribution or explanation of that arousal nonverbal leakage an unconscious spill over of emotions into non verbal behavior Nonverbal leakage is often a powerful cue to show that we are trying to hide an emotion It can lead to misinterpretation of text messages illustrators gestures that highlight or accentuate speech scubas arm gestures or pointing manipulators gestures in which one body part strokes bites etc another part of the body Two examples are nail biting and hair twirling emblems gestures that convey conventional meaning they can be culture speci c proxemics the study of personal space 4 Levels of Distance Public 12 or more feet Social 4 to 12 feet Personal 1 5 to 4 feet Intimate 0 1 5 feet there is little to no correlation between ones con dence in there ability to detect lies and their accuracy polygraph lie detector test that rests on assumption of a Pinocchio response A Pinocchio response records autonomic activity in response to different types of questions Such a test is biased against the innocent and has false positives so it is not permissible in most courts of law Broaden and Build Theory associated with happiness this theory proposes that happiness may assist in our ability to think more openly and thus perform better in tasks come up with better solutions etc hedonic treadmill our attitudes adjust to our circumstances positive psychology sub eld of psychology that has sought to emphasize human strengths and tries to help people incorporate character strengths and virtues motivation psychological drive that propels us in a speci c direction Motivation speakers do not actually have any long term effects Drive Reduction Theory theory proposing that certain drives motivate us to act in certain ways that minimize aversive states Our bodies are always trying to maintain homeostasis Verges Dodson Law shows the relationship between arousal and mood performance approach approach drive two good things avoidance avoidance drive two bad things approach avoidance drive a situation with good and bad aspects double approach avoidance multiple options with good and bad aspects incentive theories we are motivated by positive goals Intrinsic is when we are motivated by internal goals and satisfaction Extrinsic is then we are motivated by external goals and rewards Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs model proposing the we must satisfy primary needs before trying to satisfy secondary needs lateral hypothalamus sends the signal to start eating when food is needed ventromedial hypothalamus sends the signal to stop eating when we are full leptin hormone that signals us to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used set point establishes a range of body fat and mass that we tend to maintain bulimia nervosa recurrent binge eating followed by efforts to minimize weight gain by purging This eating disorder is the most common eating disorder and it appears primary in females anorexia nervosa excessive wight loss and irrational perception that one is overweight This eating disorder is less common but is much more dangerous attract to draw by appealing to the emotions or senses by stimulating interest or by exciting admiration There are 3 main principles of attraction Proximity Similarity Reciprocity proximity simply being around a person can increase your attraction to them or provide the opportunity for that to happen similarity opposites do not actually attract we like people who are similar to us reciprocity we give back what is given to us We as humans place an importance on physical attraction whether we like it or not passionate love marked by powerful even overwhelming longing for one s partner compassionate love marked by a sense of deep friendship and fondness Bern s exotic becomes erotic theory gender nonconformity leads to isolation from their same sex peers which turns into same sex individuals being seen as unfamiliar and exotic brain differences homosexuals have larger corpus callosum sexual orientation complex interaction of genetic biological and cultural factors Chapter 13 Social Psychology social psychology the study of how people in uence others behaviors beliefs and attitudes We tend to think that others are vulnerable to social in uence but that we ourselves are not 150 the approximate size of most human social groups and the limit to the number of people we can know reasonably well We should evaluate social in uences critically Social Comparison Theory the theory that we seek to evaluate our abilities and believe by comparing them to those of others Upward social comparison is when you compare yourself to someone who you view as superior in some way or when one may attribute superiors as being inherently more talented Downward social comparison is when you compare your to someone who you view as inferior and this type of comparison may give you a boost of self concept mass hysteria an outbreak
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