Personality Way of thinking behaving feeling enduring predispositions that influence behavior Traits personal qualities that influence behavior across many situations Nomothetic Approach Idiographic Approach general laws impersonal broad consistent Origin unique character personal history Ex case study biography Genetics Non shared environment EX diff treatment raised apart Shared environment Twin studies Genetic factors more influential than environment Freuds Theory actions Id Superego Ego Example Psychic Determinism all psych events have the same cause resulting from inner forces Freudian Slips slip of toungue bc internal conflict Symbolic Meaning actionas are meaningful show deeper processing usually sexually driven Unconscious Motivation we don t truly understand what we do we just make excuses for Impulse sex and agresstion unconscious difficult to retrieve well below surface of awarensss 1 2 Sense of morality 3 Boss of personality decisions realworld surface postpones impulse to proper time conscious Defense Mechanisms unconscious maneuvers to minimize anxiety anxiety conflict with id and superego EX hot step sibling Repression Make problem unconscious Denial Claim the problem doesn t exist Rationalize Make is sound reasonable Displacement Direct it towards something else Reaction Formation transform into exact opposite homophobia Projection Accuse someone else of it Regression return to earlier less mature psych state Sublimation Channel feelings to be productive Read txt examples Trait Models describe structure of personality major parts Factor Analusis look up in text read more The Big 5 predict real world behavior similar across culture w different rates Individualist Society personal achievement Collectivistic Society harmony w others 1 Openess new experience 2 Conscientious responsible 3 Extraversion social 4 Agreeable easy to get along with 5 Neuroticism negative Moody Tendencies VS Adaptations Tendency underlying personality traits Adaptations behavioral adaptations how a trait manifests as actions Traits manifest in different ways EX sensation seeking in firefighters and criminals Trait Theories Traits predict the average of combined behavior rather than individual behaviors EX going out with friends vs going to a specific party Behavioral Approach Differences in personality genetics learning No such thing as free will underlying situational influences Unconscious processing contrast to freud inner outside variable drive personality Social Learning Theories Reciprocal Determinism Personality behavior cognition environment combine influence EX P introversion B socially awkward C thinking uncomfortably about socializing E public situations make one feel uncomfortable Locus of Control reinforcement and punishment good and bad events Internal life events result from actions 1 2 External life events are due to fate Personality Assmeessment Structured pen and pencil Innformal subjective MMPI and MMPI 2 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 567 true false questions 10 scales Measure how much you rate on a given dimension like depression or schizophrenia Projective Tests Ask examinees to interpret or make sense of ambiguous stimuli Based on projective hypothesis When interpreting ambiguous stimuli people project aspects of their personality onto them reliability and validity are in dispute Pitfalls in Personality Assessment The PT Barnum effect the tendency to accept high base rate descriptors as accurate Astrology and tarot readings
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