Sex vs Gender Sex Chromosomes External genitalia Internal reproductive system Secondary sex characteristics Gender identity your knowledge of being male female both or neither Most people identify with male female and most people have the biological sex that corresponds to their gender identity Gender identity disorder should we even call it this having the biological sex that does not correspond to their gender identity Tends to present in early childhood Usually the reaction from the parent is quite negative and the parents go through extensive measures to find doctors or therapists to help For trans boys they have hormones and may have a mastectomy some kids transition before puberty so they wont develop the opposing body parts People that are for it avoids problems that come with puberty People against it the hormones are dangerous Many people elect not to have the surgery for many reasons mainly expensive Gender role behaviors attitudes beliefs that a culture deems appropriate for each sex how men and women are supposed to dress the kinds of careers they are supposed to have its okay for women to be emotional and cry Gender role stereotype a stay at home dad people would not invite his daughters over for playdates also wouldn t let their kids go to his house the stereotype that dads shouldn t parent as effectively as moms oh your husbands amazing bc he went to the PTA meeting Gender typed behavior when we assimilate a gender role Biological behaviors Heredity Brain structure there are not massive structure differences between men and women Women tend to be more bilateral men tend to be unilateral Hormones there are hormone differences Different hormone action determining genitalia and internal reproductive Female male brain emerges during prenatal development CAH they are more masculine in career goals and they are less driven towards female pursuits Better at spatial timed tests Environmental factors Family usually men are more strict in gender roles more so with their sons parents also typically help their girls while they encourage self help with boys Schools math books word problems are typically boy oriented sports vehicles also in the roles adults present to kids most elementary school teachers are female while principals and super intendants are male Peers in preschool kids play with both boys and girls as school progresses kids become homosocial and they become anti the other sex Culture belief systems we ve only ever had a male be president the senate congress supreme court religious leaders CEOs all male Barbie little girls have typically 7 she wears fashion and her proportions are very unrealistic Gives girls the message to be pretty Disney princesses slight ethnic diversity but they have the same body the paper bag princess Elizabeth is in love with a prince named ronald one day a dragon comes and destroys the castle and steals ronald she tracks the dragon and tricks him to save ronald ronald is a jerk so Elizabeth decides not to save him Fun things to do When you wake up pretend to change genders Watch kids TV and notice gender roles Pick a specific observe able domain Theories of gender typing Psychoanalytic gender roles are a combination or nature and nurture The libido moving throughout your body and you go through psychosexual stages and you interact with your parents When the libido lands in the genitals and you interact with your parents age 3 6 your gender role becomes concrete Social learning theory role models play a critical role in how kids develop gender parents frown when boy picks up barbie parents are discouraging when gender roles are violated Cognitive developmental Lawrence Kholberg kids go through stages Gender identity born with Gender stability gender wont change Gender permanence other people s gender wont change Then they go through an us vs them stage I am a girl therefore I wanna do girl things and no boy things Gender schema theory a combination or social learning and cognitive development applying schema theory to gender we have lists of characteristics that are more appropriate for girls and vice versa It is also individualized some people may have strong moderate weak gender schema What is sexual orientation Its isn t Gender role Gender identity It is Who you are attracted to romantically sexually men women both neither It isn t sexual preference preferences can be learned sexual orientation cannot be learned it is usually developed early and cannot be changed People who are lesbian gay bisexual tend to have weaker gender schema They are androgynous people that score high on masculine and feminine traits Theories of development of sexual orientation Psychoanalytic libido moves around then at 3 6 it settles in the genitals Little boys are attracted to their mothers Oedipus conflict little girls are attracted to their fathers electra conflict once the conflict is resolved their sexuality is defined Social learning we learn our sexual orientation from role models if this were true you would see more gay lesbian kids that had gay lesbian parents Ex why boy scouts of america did not want any gay troop leaders Social constructionist we provide very strong messages about context we provide dichotomies we provide categories you are gay straight lesbian therefore people believe they have to fit into these categories Biological determinants Genes they are the recipe for what makes us us Research has not found a gay gene they have found a region on the X chromosome that correlates to gay men but it had not been repeated in tests If sexual orientation were genetic identical twins should have the same orientation there is correlation but nowhere near 1 Brain Hormones ratio is an example of exposure to male hormones during fetal development Self appointed lesbian people in the study had longer ring fingers prenatal exposure to male hormones can affect sexuality Can we identify any environmental factors that determine sexual orientation No Have we determined that sexual orientation is determined by biological factors No is dangerous to try and change it Why do we care so much likely that sexual orientation is there very early also it is not easily changed and
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