Physiological Psychology nervous system neuroscience Phineas Gage when working on the construction of the transcontinental railroad a rod was driven through his head accidentally this event changed his personality gross level starting at the top breaking down cellular level starting at a much smaller level The Neuron Nerve Cell dendrites look like tree branches have receptors tiny molecules that pick up individual neurotransmitters local graded potentials the local response to a stimulus not the overall response due to not meeting the threshold flow of ions in out of cell electrical charge axon nerve fiber covered by myelin a layer of fat axon terminal axon hillock specialized part of the soma cell body that connects to the axon summation multiple or repeated stimuli can produce a response in a nerve muscle or other part that 1 stimulus alone cannot produce action potential travels down the axon ion channels open and close as the membrane reaches the threshold potential in response to a signal from another neuron in axon K Na in axon terminal Ca all or nothing principle stimulus must exceed threshold potential for a response to occur otherwise no response will occur glial cells hold things together saltatory conduction salt means to jump or dance in Romance languages nodes of Ranvier the gaps formed between the myelin sheaths axon terminals C flows in synapse a structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell diagram below Neurotransmitters NTs classical NTs acetylcholine found in the peripheral nervous system the neuromuscular junction epinephrine adrenaline excitatory norepinephrine locus coeruleus release from this leads to REM sleep also found in the reward pathway dopamine dopamine theory too much dopamine leads to schizophrenia mesolimbic Parkinson s disease can result from depletion motor pathway reward pathway serotonin released by the raphe nucleus GABA inhibitory neurotransmitter drugs plants are the sources of most drugs agonists drugs that cause an increase in activity antagonists drugs that cause a decrease in activity plants are the sources of most drugs drug use leads to dependence tolerance a substance can be a neurotransmitter a hormone a hormone is released from endocrine gland into the bloodstream analgesia lack of pain anandamide an endogenous neurotransmitter Sanskrit word for bliss The Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Made up of everything else Consists of 2 parts Somatic Nervous System Skeleton Conscious part of your Nervous System Interacts with Striated Muscles THREE TYPES OF NEURONS 1ST SENSORY NEURONS Come from body to the brain central nervous system AFFERENT NEURONS 2ND MOTOR NEURONS Come from brain Central nervous system to body EFFERENT NEURONS 3RD INTERNEURONS Communicate with in Central Nervous System Found in Cerebral Cortex cortex covering Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System Evolutionary design system that works extremely well to enhance survivability FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE feeling threatened your body instantaneously activates all your bodily organs that help promotes ability to make it through situation Pupil dilates so you can focus Raises heart rate and blood pressure Immune System Salivary glands digestive system stops mouth gets dry releases glucose and fat for high energy Adrenal glands adrenaline release Epinephrine Circulatory System Capillaries in arm gets smaller blood is contained in the middle of your arms and legs so if you get hurt you wont bleed that much Urination Urinate on yourself Parasympathetic Nervous System Opposite reaction REST AND DIGEST RESPONSE How does it happen Rest relaxation contentment and the kind of thinking and feeling that bring balance and a sense of well being into your life Central Nervous System Brain Spinal cord SPINAL CORD SPINAL NERVES Derived Functions Ascending descending tracts Super huge highway for a big city Info doesn t stop there carries messages from spinal nerves and brain MOTOR NEURONS again brain from body TRACT group of axons in Central Nervous System Responsible for rhythmic movement such as walking running or swimming Right Left Movements Organizes reflexes instantaneous response Child putting hand on hot stove Must experience to know what to do Sensory Neurons made you pull off hands Nerves in the Spinal Cord immediately Cervical Nerves Thoracic Nerves Lumbar Nerves Sacral Nerves BRAINSTEM when Spinal Cord gets a little wider Not brain Medulla Blood Marrow Pons Rich Both control more complicated reflexes POSTURAL REFLEX rubber hammer on knee and knee spazzes The DR wants to see if knee still has reflexes As you get older neurons grow over old neurons In brain there s a lot of redundancy set of neurons that do same thing VITAL REFLEX breathing and heart rate LOCATED IN MEDULLA GABAERGIC NEURONS most found neurons in Medulla Gaba is influenced by alcohol It is possible to shut off your vital reflex if you drink too much Body realizes that the alcohol is poisonous that s why you throw it up become unconscious MIDBRAIN Controls basic movement patterns Eating drinking fighting grooming Rats clean whiskers with hands Along with pons controls levels of sleep and arousal Primitive part of brain meaning sleep is an old function THALAMIC RELAY STATION Sensory input to cortical areas Come in through CRANIAL NERVES All 5 senses come together undifferentiated Then it breaks up where the senses need to go MOTOR STRUCTURES Basal Ganglia deliberate movement Parkinson s disease Cerebellum Does not initiate movement but once it is initiated controls Coordinates movements of limb Complex movements require activation of cerebellum LIMBIC SYSTEM Gymnastics Site of emotional and drive related behavior HIPPOCAMPUS Guy known as HM he originally was treated for epilepsy and standard treatments didn t work SO removal of hippocampus was suggested and soon agreed on After removable epilepsy was a lot better BUT he was never again able to record another memory again ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA from event Moving forward can t remember RETROGRADE AMNESIA everything before event can t remember Deals with memory AMYGDALA Controls emotions and drive related behaviors People who damaged this cannot process fear Cats who lost amygdala had PSYCHIC BLINDNESS no idea that dogs were barking or other cats hissing Could not pick up emotion BUT NOW we learned that Amygdala Almond is the only part that is responsible Neuro Psychologists study humans with brain damage
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