Sensation and Perception Sensation Bottom up processing If we start with a whole complete thing If we have to build it from pieces Top down processing Reading a paragraph in which words are not spelled correctly but you can read it quickly orientation Context changes our sensations and perceptions The thatcher allusion we have part of our cortex devoted to facial The only information your brain is getting is electrical impulses Feels like you re seeing colors shapes lines True for sounds tastes smells touches on the skin Body is changing physical energy into electrical impulses The very faint sensations that you can detect you get them right 50 of the Absolute Thresholds time Difference Thresholds Different people have different thresholds Have two stimuli and cant detect the difference 50 of the time Signal Detection Theory The Senses Hit Correct Negative False Alarm Miss Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses things that we take for granted Kinesthetic has receptors in muscles phantom limb Vestibular senses rotation of the world sense of direction Hearing occurs within the ear sounds travel through the auditory canal and Touch two point thresholds Smell Taste Vision strike the ear drum Smell Olfaction Important concepts Pheromones chemical signals a species uses to communicate within a species using smell to send signals to each other canines use this often Menstrual synchrony doesn t necessarily exist would use pheromones if it did Sexual pheromones in humans can tell sex of person if handed a sweatshirt worn for 24 hours Pregnant women s sense of smell becomes more acute maybe to protect the embryo from teratogens baby scented a pheromone of his mom on himself and that helped him find the breast and nurse Smell and Taste Taste Taste and smell go together Different cultures around the world prefer different items for lunch Basic Taste sensations Sour Salty Sweet we seem to prefer sweet Bitter a lot umami earthy meaty sometimes in fish as well something we seem to like Likely used to keep us safe in the past things that tasted bad were probably toxic doesn t apply anymore bc things that taste great can be toxic Vision Sensation vs Perception Mainstream View Sensation Experience Perception in a sense impoverished taste an apple see an apple then combine with Ecological Approach jj gibson says sensation experience perception is wrong because the way they tested was wrong we are biologically designed to see in a world of surfaces and are designed to see invariances Direct Perception Invariants people seeming small if they are far away so many of us in the lecture hall we seem like a texture gradient can tell how far away the wall is shape of steps how they get smaller and narrower the farther away they are looming when something is coming at your face you know when to duck Affordances what the environment affords us the chairs afford a place to sit the stairs afford a path out of here Sometimes we make mistakes and fall off a cliff we are not designed to see glass so more often people walk into them How we see All we receive is light Transduction occurs Our sensory experience Hue color without brightness Brightness Saturation Color blindness occurs because you are missing a cone type the cones overlap therefore we can see slight variances in color differences the x chromosome Most common form of color blindness is red green it is genetic carried in Topics in Visual Sensation Trichromatic Theory that we have three receptor types Receptor types Rods good for night vision do not distinguish color mostly in our periphery Cones types Fovea where you have the most cones for during the day Opponent Process Theory One for red green one for blue yellow one for black white An Illustration of Opponent Process Theory Negative Afterimages Another top down theory the whole is more important than the parts Organization is critical to form processes Proximity group by closeness Closure we visually close images if a c is curved enough people see an o Similarity grouping by likeness Continuity the principle that allows us to be fooled by camouflage Motion After Image Cortical Processing Depth Perception the role of redundancy Topics in Visual Perception If we lose an eye we can still see depth when we have 2 eyes we are using monocular disparity Binocular cues Motion parallax Ecological approach Learning Approach Cross cultural Evidence Developmental Evidence Do we have to learn to see pictures Monocular cues Pictorial Cues If we lose an eye we can still see depth when we have 2 eyes we are using monocular disparity Interposition Linear perspective Relative size small bc far away Texture gradients Relative height Organization is critical to form perception Gestalt concepts Form Perception Proximity Closure Similarity Continuity Needs Beliefs Emotions Context Perception and psychological influences Additional Topics in Sensation and Perception Sensory Overload Selective attention Subliminal Perception Extrasensory Perception Why do the images seem to reverse Parapsychology Ambiguous Figures and Perceptual Set
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