Anjali Pillai PSYC 111 Prologue Prologue and Chapter 1 Notes What is Psychology red Edward Bradford Titchener discover mind s structure Psychology s Roots green o Psychological Science is Born blue Aristotle theorized about learning and memory motivation and emotion perception and personality 1879 Wilhelm Wundt experimental apparatus that measured mental processes first psych lab Germany Structuralism and functionalism o Introspection report experiences unreliable William James encouraged explorations of emotions memories willpower habits and streams of consciousness o Mary Whiton Calkins first in psych lab denied PhD o Margaret Floy Washburn first female psychologist o James wrote Principles of Psych for the public Psychological Science Develops Behaviorism the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes Most research psychologists today agree with objectivity but not the latter Humanistic psychology historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual s potential for personal growth Cognitive neuroscience the inter disciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition including perception thinking memory and languages Psychology the science of behavior and mental processes o Early psychology science of mental life Watson and B F Skinner psych Scientific study of obs behavior Humanistic psych 1900s Rogers Maslow Cannot obs sensation feeling or thought but yes to behavior Freudian psych unconscious mind affects our behavior Environ influences can affect growth cognitive o Enriched under Of brain act under mental activity Behavior anything organism does mental processes internal exper Contemporary Psychology Psychology s Biggest Question Nature nurture issue the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors Todays science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture Natural selection the principle that among the range of inherited trait variations those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to generations o Nature nurture Plato said we inherit character and intelligence Aristotle said there is nothing that doesn t come to the mind from external world through the senses first Locke mind is blank sheet Descartes some ideas innate Darwin 1859 On the Origin of Species proposed natural selection Nurture works on what nature endows Psychology s Three Main Levels of Analysis Levels of analysis the differing complementary views from biological to psychological to social cultural for analyzing any given phenomenon Biopsychosocial approach an integrated approach that incorporates biological psychological and social cultural levels of analysis o Complementary perspectives because everything is related to everything else o Biopsychosocial approach considers all these influences Provide vantage pt to look at behavior or mental process integrated Behavior Genetics How our genes and our environmental Perspective Neuroscience Evolutionary Psychodynamic Behavioral Cognitive Social Cultural Focus How the body and brain enable emotions memories and sensory experiences How the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes influence our individual differences How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts How we learn observable responses How we encode process store and retrieve info How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures Subfields Biological cognitive clinical Biological developmental social Personality developmental Clinical counseling personality Clinical counseling industrial organizational Cognitive clinical counseling industrial organizational Developmental social clinical counseling Psychology s Subfields Basic research pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base Applied research scientific study that aims to solve practical problems Counseling psychology a branch of psychology that studies assesses and treats people with psychological disorders Psychiatry a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psych therapy Positive psychology the scientific study of human functioning with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive Community psychology a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups o Association for Psychological Science psych is a hub scientific discipline Aims to describe behavior and the mind underlying it o Basic research developmental psych growth cognitive how we perceive personality psych social psych how we view and affect one another o Applied research industrial organizational psych use concepts and methods in workplace to help org and companies select and train employees boost morale and productivity design products and implement sys o Counseling psych help people cope with challenges and improve situations o Clinical psych treat disorders psychiatrists give meds o Positive psych explores positive emotions traits etc o Community psych create env healthy for all o Knowledge modified attitudes and then behavior o Psych depends appreciation for how we perceive think feel and act Enrich lives and enlarge vision Chapter 1 Thinking Critically with Psychological Science The Need for Psychological Science Did we know it all along Hindsight Bias Hindsight bias the tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it knew it all along o Causes errors in recollections and explanations why we need psych res good ideas in psychology usually have an oddly familiar quality Overconfidence think we know more than we do o Hindsight makes us overconfident Perceiving Order in Random Events o We are prone to perceive patterns even in random sequences o This overconfidence hindsight bias overestimate our intuition The Scientific Attitude Curious Skeptical and Humble o Curiosity leads science facts speak for themselves Scientific attitude requires skepticism not cynicism open not gullible Question What do you mean How do you know Humility awareness of our own vulnerability to error and openness to suprises and new perspectives Curiosity skepticism and
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