CHAPTER 1 - History of Psychology- 200,000 years people have been around- Human – largest cortex (“bark”)◦ QuestioningAncient Greece (6,000 years ago) – Had democracy, which led to free-thinking. Birth of scholarship- Socrates - Philosopher, studied essences- linked concepts together◦ “the gag fly”◦ Socratic Method - method through dialogue- Plato - Socrates' student◦ Dualism - mind (idealist), body (materialist) problem▪ Do we have either? Or both (interactionist)?▪ Mind interacts with the body, but not the other way around◦ Cannot study the mind▪ Delayed to modern psychology◦ Empiricism - all knowledge comes form observation or sensory experiences (outside world)◦ Plato was a Rationalist- all knowledge comes from mathematics, studies, meditation (already have knowledge, just need to uncover it)◦ Believed we live in a world of forms▪ Before we are born, we know all the essences▪ When born and live on, we start to lose them- Aristotle - Plato's student◦ An empiricist- studied nature (picked up experience form the world)◦ Believed everyone has entelechy- higher cause or purpose◦ 2 reasons: passive (mundane, everyday knowledge) and active reasons (contemplate the cosmos, questioning)◦ Scala Naturae - classification of different lifeforms▪ Human, angels, top – unmovable movers◦ Cosmologist - someone who studies the cosmos, what is life made up of?- Empedocles - Physis- what the world is made of? ◦ 4 physis: fire, water, air, earth- Hippocrates - considered the “first” doctor◦ 4 humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile◦ Hysteria - illness of uterus, it being dislodged and moving throughout the body- Galen - Theory of personality◦ 4 humors:▪ Fire – Blood – Sanguine (Happy)▪ Water – Phlegm – Phlegmatic (Listless- apathetic)▪ Air – Yellow Bile – Melancholic (Sad)▪ Earth – Black Bile – Choleric (Angry)Enlightenment (17th Century)- Descartes - French philosopher and mathematician, a rationalist (thought process)◦ Cogito ergo sum - “I think therefore I am”◦ Interactionism- mind and body, someplace where the soul resides in the body▪ Pineal gland - “nexus” for the mind and body- Secretes two hormones: serotonin and melatonin- Controls light and dark cycles and helps regulate mating◦ Universal laws governing behaviors- non-human animals share the same behavior as humans19 th Century- Darwin - Theory of Natural Selection◦ Evolution- survival of the fittest◦ Variation (different traits that gives survival advantages and diversity in population)▪ Beneficial, selective agent can kill us all◦ Galapagos Island◦ Theory of Natural Selection - traits that are adopted to give environmental advantage that arepassed down through generation◦ Changes in the gene pool◦ Forms followed functions◦ Speciation - the change into different species throughout generation◦ The Animal Model : using animals to experiment because animals share similar traits as humans ▪ High DNA similarity◦ Genesis of Developmental Psychology▪ Darwin caused the beginning of the study of development psychology◦ Ontogeny (study of the development of human being from birth to death) recapitulate (repeat) phylogeny (development of lifeforms throughout the history of the earth)◦ Functionalism - William James, looks at motivation – reason behind actions. How is doing something further the chances of survival?▪ Proximate – ex: hunger▪ Ultimate – ex: need nutrients to promote survivalAdvent of Modern Psychology (1880)- Wilhelm Wundt – Father of modern psychology1. Voluntarism◦ Wundt – studied the mind, cognitive psychologist, studied perception- interpretation of the sensory signals ◦ Introspection- take in sensory signals and break down of the stimuli1. Structralism◦ Titchener- founded psychology program at Cornell1. Functionalism◦ William James◦ Pragmatism - Using whatever technique to claim that an ideology or proposition is true1. Gestalt Psychology- “The whole is greater than the sum of the parts.”◦ Study the whole mind1. Psychophysics - the study of sensory abilities ◦ Sensory threshold▪ Absolute threshold- one stimulus at a time▪ JND (Just Notable Difference)- use two different stimuli, smallest difference between them Psychoanalysis- Freud- interpreted of dreams◦ Unconscious Conflicts - tries to uncover the unconscious problems, putting problems into the unconscious mind◦ Hysteria - unmanageable emotional excesses, an overwhelming fear that may be caused by events in one's past that involved some sort of severe conflict◦ Criticism- That he was not scientific, theory is not testableBehaviorism- relies on observable behaviors, grounds psychology in scienceTabula Rasa- clean slate- Classical Conditioning (associative learning, passive)◦ Iban Pablot - physiologist, trained dogs so that every time he rang the bell they salivated and came for food. As soon as they heard the bell, they started salivating (how they saw food) conditioned. - Watson - Father of modern behaviorism (“Little Albert”)- Thorndike - Trial and error learning◦ Law of Effect - responses lead to desired result are more likely to be repeated ◦ Instrumental conditioning: Learn by reponnding in a certain way to learn how to get what they want- Skinner - Began field operant conditioning (associative learning, active)◦ Behaviorism made psychology a science to study and popularized itCognitive Psychology (1960)- Edward Tolman - studied purposive behavior - goal directedModern Cognitive Psychology- Jean Piaget - studied cognitive development◦ Pattern in how we develop the way we think◦ Qualitative changes in the way we think due to culture◦ Nature rather than nurture◦ Learning is idiosyncratic – particular way of learning and particular learning experiences▪ Everyone has different experiences – if something is learned, everyone is different, no genetic disposition- Genetic disposition - everyone shares the some of the same traits- Noam Chomsky - psycho-linguist◦ Genetic predisposition to learn language◦ Language is innate, able to learn language without being enforced◦ Kids could learn language just by hearing it even if not talked to directly◦ No genetic predisposition for reading and writing - Memory Research - Holding onto information- Development of the Computer - metaphor for the mind◦
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