CHAPTER 1 History of Psychology 200 000 years people have been around Human largest cortex bark Questioning Ancient Greece 6 000 years ago Had democracy which led to free thinking Birth of scholarship Socrates Philosopher studied essences linked concepts together the gag fly Socratic Method Plato Dualism Do we have either Or both interactionist Mind interacts with the body but not the other way around mind idealist body materialist problem method through dialogue Socrates student Cannot study the mind Delayed to modern psychology Empiricism Plato was a Rationalist all knowledge comes from mathematics studies meditation all knowledge comes form observation or sensory experiences outside world already have knowledge just need to uncover it Believed we live in a world of forms Before we are born we know all the essences When born and live on we start to lose them Aristotle Plato s student An empiricist studied nature picked up experience form the world Believed everyone has entelechy higher cause or purpose 2 reasons passive mundane everyday knowledge and active reasons contemplate the someone who studies the cosmos what is life made up of Scala Naturae classification of different lifeforms Physis what the world is made of cosmos questioning Human angels top unmovable movers Empedocles Cosmologist 4 physis fire water air earth considered the first doctor 4 humors blood phlegm yellow bile and black bile Hysteria Galen 4 humors Theory of personality Hippocrates Fire Blood Sanguine Happy Water Phlegm Phlegmatic Listless apathetic Air Yellow Bile Melancholic Sad Earth Black Bile Choleric Angry Enlightenment 17th Century illness of uterus it being dislodged and moving throughout the body Descartes French philosopher and mathematician a rationalist thought process Cogito ergo sum Interactionism mind and body someplace where the soul resides in the body I think therefore I am Pineal gland nexus for the mind and body Secretes two hormones serotonin and melatonin Controls light and dark cycles and helps regulate mating Universal laws governing behaviors non human animals share the same behavior as humans 19 th Century Darwin Theory of Natural Selection Evolution survival of the fittest Variation different traits that gives survival advantages and diversity in population traits that are adopted to give environmental advantage that are Beneficial selective agent can kill us all Galapagos Island Theory of Natural Selection passed down through generation Changes in the gene pool Forms followed functions Speciation The Animal Model humans High DNA similarity the change into different species throughout generation using animals to experiment because animals share similar traits as Genesis of Developmental Psychology Darwin caused the beginning of the study of development psychology Functionalism Ontogeny study of the development of human being from birth to death recapitulate repeat phylogeny development of lifeforms throughout the history of the earth something further the chances of survival Proximate ex hunger Ultimate ex need nutrients to promote survival William James looks at motivation reason behind actions How is doing Advent of Modern Psychology 1880 Wilhelm Wundt Father of modern psychology 1 Voluntarism Wundt studied the mind cognitive psychologist studied perception interpretation of the sensory signals Introspection take in sensory signals and break down of the stimuli Titchener founded psychology program at Cornell 1 Structralism 1 Functionalism William James Pragmatism 1 Gestalt Psychology The whole is greater than the sum of the parts Using whatever technique to claim that an ideology or proposition is true Study the whole mind 1 Psychophysics the study of sensory abilities Sensory threshold Absolute threshold one stimulus at a time JND Just Notable Difference use two different stimuli smallest difference Psychoanalysis between them Freud interpreted of dreams Unconscious Conflicts the unconscious mind events in one s past that involved some sort of severe conflict Hysteria Criticism That he was not scientific theory is not testable Behaviorism relies on observable behaviors grounds psychology in science Tabula Rasa clean slate Classical Conditioning associative learning passive tries to uncover the unconscious problems putting problems into unmanageable emotional excesses an overwhelming fear that may be caused by Iban Pablot physiologist trained dogs so that every time he rang the bell they salivated and came for food As soon as they heard the bell they started salivating how they saw food conditioned Watson Thorndike Father of modern behaviorism Little Albert Law of Effect Instrumental conditioning Learn by reponnding in a certain way to learn how to get what responses lead to desired result are more likely to be repeated Trial and error learning they want Skinner Began field operant conditioning associative learning active Behaviorism made psychology a science to study and popularized it Cognitive Psychology 1960 Modern Cognitive Psychology Edward Tolman studied purposive behavior goal directed studied cognitive development Jean Piaget Pattern in how we develop the way we think Qualitative changes in the way we think due to culture Nature rather than nurture Learning is idiosyncratic particular way of learning and particular learning experiences Everyone has different experiences if something is learned everyone is different no genetic disposition Genetic disposition everyone shares the some of the same traits psycho linguist Noam Chomsky Genetic predisposition to learn language Language is innate able to learn language without being enforced Kids could learn language just by hearing it even if not talked to directly No genetic predisposition for reading and writing Information Processing Theorists a computer is an information processor Cognitive neuroscience Memory Research Development of the Computer Holding onto information metaphor for the mind human activity Behavioral neuroscience Mind is an abstract concept the brain activity study of the relationship of the brain and behavior study of the relationship of the brain and thought how it relates to CHAPTER 2 Research Methods Descriptive study observation without manipulation No control watching and recording Can t understand causation Normally done in the field High External validity strong relationship on what is happening in the real world Low internal validity control all internal variables and know that the behavior
View Full Document
Unlocking...