Anjali Pillai How Do We Learn PSYC 111 Chapter 7 Learning Pavlov Skinner Watson Bandura Classical Conditioning Learning the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors Associative learning learning that certain events occur together The events may be two stimuli as in classical conditioning or a response and its consequences as in operant conditioning Stimulus any event or situation that evokes a response Cognitive learning the acquisition of mental information whether by observing event by watching others or through language Learning adaptation to environment o Learn to prepare for things pain food classical and rewards operant We learn by association Learned associations operate subtly o Other animals learn by association i e snails and shocks and water spray Learn to associate own behavior with outcomes Associative learning o Classical conditioning associate two stimuli anticipate events o Operant learn to associate response to consequence repeated Classical conditioning a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events Behaviorism the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes Most research psychologists today agree that it should be an objective science but not the latter Ivan Pavlov classical conditioning behaviorism Watson Pavlov s Experiments Neutral Stimulus NS in classical conditioning a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning Unconditioned response UR in classical conditioning an unlearned naturally occurring response such as salivation to an unconditioned stimulus US Unconditioned stimulus US in classical conditioning a stimulus that unconditionally naturally and automatically triggers a response Conditioned response CR in classical conditioning a learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus Conditioned Stimulus CS in classical conditioning an originally relevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus US comes to trigger a conditioned response CR Generalization the tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses Discrimination in classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus o Dog and salivation experiments Operant Conditioning Drooling UR food US tone CS drooling CR o Acquisition When NS and US are presented is important CS before US Can say that conditioning helps animal survive and rep by responding to cues that help it get food avoid dangers locate mates and offspring Higher order conditioning new NS can become new CS Second order conditioning everyday life o Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery Without US extinction but comes up again spn rec with US o Generalization respond to different tones expand Stimuli similar to the CS can be adaptive o Discrimination able to distinguish b w irrelevant stimuli Pavlov s Legacy o Applications of classical conditioning Many other responses to many other stimuli can be classically conditioned in many other organisms Showed Pavlov us how a process such as learning can be studied objectively Drug therapy taste may produce immune response Supported Watson that human emotions and behaviors boil influence but mainly bundle of conditioned responses little albert Operant conditioning a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforce or diminished if followed by a punisher Skinner s Experiments Law of effect Thorndike s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely Operant chamber in operant conditioning research a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer attached devices record the animal s rate of bar pressing or key pecking Reinforcement in operant conditioning any event that strengthens the behavior it follows Shaping an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior Positive reinforcement increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers A positive reinforce is any stimulus that when presented after a response strengthens the response Negative reinforcement increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that when removed after a response strengthens the response Primary reinforcer an innately reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need Conditioned reinforcer a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforce also known as a secondary reinforce Continuous reinforcement reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs Partial intermittent reinforcement reinforcing a response only part of the time results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement Fixed ratio schedule in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses Variable ratio schedule in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses Fixed interval schedule in operant conditioning a reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed Variable interval schedule in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals Punishment an event that tend to decrease the behavior it follows o Thorndike s Law of Effect rewarded behavior is likely to recur o Revealed principles of behavior control operant chamber reinforcement Increases frequency of preceding response Precise conditions that foster efficient and enduring learning o Shaping Behavior gradually guiding through successive approximations i e with academic stars for improvement rather than just getting hundreds o Types of Reinforcers positive and negative add or remove desirable aversive stimulus maturity o Reinforcement Schedules Primary and Conditioned Reinforcers Primary reinforcers are unlearned Conditioned reinforcers secondary reinforcers get power through learned association with primary reinforcers money grades etc derived from primary Immediate and Delayed Reinforcers
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