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Thinking Solving problems Identify current situation Identify goal Sub problems Routines Automatically doing things on auto pilot Obstacles to problem solving and making faulty judgements Fixation mental set Example the nine dot problem connecting all nine dots with four continuos straight lines without picking up your pencil Exaggerating the improbable Example there are many plane crashes in the news so it makes people think that they happen more often than they really do People want to be more wealthy than they are so some partake in games of Avoiding loss chance raffles the lottery Confirmation bias We tend to see things that agree with the way we see the world and ignore things that don t agree with our view of the world When we have rigid beliefs about the world confirmation bias occurs it is very difficult to change someones belief about the world Hindsight bias thinking you knew something after the fact Availability heuristic mental shortcuts some info is very readily available to us not necessarily accurate info we use that info to make shortcuts Overconfidence some people are just more confident than others children tend to be overconfident Belief perseverance Thinking How do we organize our thoughts Two possibilities Prototype mental averages not explicit not a level we can easily or directly tap in to we have prototypes for everything that help us decide how to react occurs quickly when we see dogs we average them into a dog when we see something with four legs running we compare it to our average and say its a dog Everyones average dog is different but most have a prototype of a lab or a beagle Schema hierarchically organized characteristics we make up If you were bitten by a pitbull when you were young your schema for dogs may be terror You can change schema based on your experiences The more you experience things the less likely the schema is subject to change They are not explicit they happen over time Language Language has stricture which makes it different from communication Language is communication but not all communication is language Animals don t have the ability to discuss time elements they have no time displacement We have to ability to receive and discuss completely novel messages child put batteries in merriweather s milk she said please don t put batteries in mommy s drink novel message When babies are born they don t obviously have expressive or receptive language it is fully developed by 3 Language structure Phonemes sounds of language different languages have different sets of phonemes they overlap in many places but there are also differences rolled r in spanish vowels in the back of your throat in french Morphemes the smallest language unit that change word meaning the roots prefixes suffixes making things past tense adding s strange stranger strangers 3 morphemes Human language nature and nurture A role for nature Chomsky LAD biological predisposition to discover language we come prepared to learn language why we do it in a fairly universal language fairly quickly Most psychologists believe that we come predisposed to discover language Lennerberg 2 puberty we are biologically programmed to learn language easily after that time it is difficult Support Universal stages of language development Active language acquisition parents tend to reinforce when kids say things that are true rather than when they say things correctly A role for nurture Skinner Association Imitation Reinforcement Is this the whole story Expressive language development Cooing happens around 4 8 weeks making these breathy vowel sounds Starts as cooing for things of sharp contrast usually inanimate objects eventually cooing becomes more social Babbling uses consonants see this from 4 5 months to a little past 6 7 months tend to make dada baba sounds repetitive consonants with no meaning Expressive jargon have the phonemes but don t have the semantics have the sounds and structure of sentences they put it together but they don t have semantic content First word appears at 12 13 months Holophrase single words with an entire sentence of meaning Two word utterances Telegraphic speech all gone mommy home 2 word utterances Intelligence What is intelligence Three approaches Psychometric approach testing giving intelligence test standardized testing Triarchical looks at multiple intelligences intelligence is not one thing Gardner s multiple intelligences Psychometric measuring the mind Representative intelligence tests Stanford Binet intelligence scale Wechsler intelligence scale for children III WISC III Tsien s mice learn faster than other mice Doogie The IQ Controversy Biology is Destiny Hernstein Murray 1944 Jensen 1985 Environment plays a large role Scarr Weinberg 1983 Shirly Brice Heath 1989 white parents spend a lot of time training their kids to take IQ tests Sternberg s Triarchical Theory of Intelligence puts theories in context its how you do in the world Consists of 3 subtheories Componential subtheory Metacognition central processing the brain the decision maker Strategy application decides what strategies are available Knowledge application picking out pieces of info you might need to solve problem Experiential subtheory Novelty of task tasks you ve never seen before how you deal with it Automatization of skills a lot of routines become automatic Contextual subtheory Adapting change something about yourself Shaping change the environment Selecting select a new environment


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BU PSYC 111 - Thinking

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