Review Exam 3 Lecture Motivation Love Love is characterized by different styles LUDUS is the game in which the chase and hunt are most interesting as opposed to the actual commitment EROS is very sexual STORGE which is love based out of friendship MANIA which is characterized by jealousy and stalking PRAGMA is choosing someone who is compatible with you i e arranged marriages or basically anything practical AGAPE is spiritual love in which the others love is more important than yours altruistic pure Theories of Love Men are more ludic and women are more storgic Women more expressive and men more instrumental 1 Attachment theory adults model the attachment styles of infants i e secure confident in partner good communication trusting respectful or avoidant don t spend time communicate or share or anxious ambivalent stalk worry a Doesn t work that way though because tendency of secure babies to have secure types of love were consistent but that was the only connection 2 Triangle theory of love by Sternberg passion intimacy and commitment a Consummate love includes all three b Romantic love is intimacy and passion c Liking is intimacy alone d Companionate love is intimacy and commitment etc How do we find each other last hookup according to stats Hookups are normative and many are fine afterwards however many regret their Increase and decrease in hookups linked to depression and loneliness Usually sexual partners tend to be alike in many ways i e in age education and ethnicity and three quarters have only had one partner last year Sexual partners tend to meet in conventional ways unlike how seen in media Sexuality Kids get info about sex from parents and friends and media however mainly construct their ideas about love and sex from media CULTIVATION EFFECT media is driving sexual education More tv correlated with negative view of world Americans don t actually have sex as often as it is made out to be on tv Gender and Sexual Orientation Sexual Differentiation of Body The fetus is unsexed in early development Everyone starts with the same There may be a gene that differentiates males and females Neither is intersex Congenital adrenal Hyperplasia is when babies exposed to androgens in fetus mode mainly by a genetic reason supposed to be girl but exposed to hormones People always want to know sex of baby Many do reassignment surgery when babies so that there is less conflict later on but might reject that identity later on in life Can also sever nerves etc issue of consent as well CAH girls have male characteristics and likely to be lesbian or transgender OR Genetically identifiable male may not be sensitive to androgens and Androgen insensitivity syndrome in which don t have inner male genitalia Considered girls and have testicles removed usually feminine OR females at birth and develop testicles later on in life and make easy transition from female to male known that there were slight differences from birth All fetuses have primordial gonads and Wolffian and Mullerian Duct systems Hormones or Culture Sex Chromosome Disorders Turner s syndrome most common cause of abortion of spontaneous nature Causes A chromosome is lost sot there is only 45 x and nothing else Characteristics Not viable and usually don t last long When born have female genitalia and internal reproductive system doesn t develop Kidney problems and usually less than 5 feet tall and have bad spatial ability Called Turner s neurocognitive phenotype lack of spatial ability math skills etc Sex Chromosome Disorders Turner s Klinefelter s Syndrome 47 xxy chromosomes extra and occurs in 1 1000 males Infertile and usually very tall Social and emotional and language problems and reading disabilities lower than on average Develop breasts sometimes Gender identity knowledge of being male female both or neither and is usually but not always consistent with biological sex Gender Identity Disorder should we even call it this result of emphasis by society on dichotomy of sex when child identifies himself or herself as the opposite sex0 Presents in early childhood and can be a reaction from parent s negligence Gender role behavior attitude belief what culture deems is appropriate for each sex Gender role stereotypes stay at home dad can t parent is a stereotype Gender typed behavior I e careers Gender Typing Biological or Environmental Biological Factors Heredity Identical twins seen to show more congruence in homosexual traits than fraternal twins Also true for cross gender behaviors Not the independent factor Brain Structure greater lateralization of brain functioning in males explains success at spatial and math skills May also explain female tendencies to be more flexible than males to withstand injury to the brain more effectively Not many differences between male and female but hormones Hormones estrogen v androgens Environmental Factors Family Fathers typically more strict with gender roles School Peers Culture belief systems i e female nurses Society is more accepting of male traits than female traits better to be masculine girl forces males to try to stay within the stereotypic norms Theories of Gender Typing Psychoanalytic gender roles are a combo of nature and nurture and have to do with libido and interaction with parents as role models Social Learning Theory parents shape how we think about gender roles Cognitive Developmental Kohlberg gender constancy Gender Schema Theory individualized rigid nonexistent which is uncommon View of what people think of each gender should be or do The Development of Sexual Orientation What is sexual orientation Who you are attracted to physically etc Gender Identity defined as a personal conception of oneself as male or female or rarely both or neither Related to concept of gender role manifested by society Gender Role less rigid gender roles in this case A theoretical construct in the social sciences and humanities that refers to a set of social and behavioral norms that within a specific culture are widely considered to be socially appropriate for individuals of a specific sex May vary across cultures Sexual Orientation Refers to an enduring pattern of emotional romantic and or sexual attractions to men women or both Also refers to a person s sense of identity based on those attractions related behaviors and membership in a community of others who share those attractions Important concepts Ally friend Homophobia someone who has a fear of homosexuality Heterosexist bias favoring opposite
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