Way in which we record past events and knowledge Memory Acquisition Storage Retrieval Memory for a penny Lincoln faces to the right The date is printed to the right Liberty is printed to the left Nothing is printed at the bottom in god we trust is at the top Information processing approach to memory Sensory register how long does it last how much can it hold Visual Iconic can hold info for less than half a second but can hold a lot Sperling s partial report procedure recall was nearly perfect heard a distinct tone for the 1st 2nd 3rd row and then reported for that row Can hold it for 15 seconds but can only hold about 7 things With sensory register if you focus on some part of it you move it into short term Short term memory memory Long term memory Can hold things for years years can also hold a lot of things Kinds of long term memory Procedural how to memories Think of something you know how to do with your hands knit can be difficult to explain on words they are kinesthetic in nature body memory Declarative memory Semantic your memory for words meanings definitions concepts Episodic memories for events or episodes prom Types of long term memory Explicit declarative With conscious recall Facts General knowledge Personally Experienced events Implicit non declarative Without conscious recall Skills Motor cognitive Classical Operant Conditioning effects Recognition Free Recall Recognition Free Recall Primacy Effect remembering more from the beginning of the list Recency Effect remembering more from the end of the list Another approach to memory The connectionist model We form connections when we try to remember things The more often you use those connections the more likely you are to remember For good memory you need purposeful active engagement How do we get info into memory Strategies Rehearsal flash cards probably the most inefficient strategy of all Maintenance looking at your notes over and over and over Elaborative look at the material repeat it but also try to link it to something your already know and build on it Organization organize the material in a way thats easy to remember it Chunking take little pieces of info and combine them together 1 4 9 2 1492 Mnemonics tricks 30 days has September April May and November How to study Study repeatedly Spend more time actively thinking about the material Make the material personally meaningful Use mnemonics for lists Use retrieval cues Minimize interference Test yourself Amnesia Infantile amnesia most people don t remember much of their life before 3 babies lives aren t very interesting the way we acquire memories changes Source amnesia misattribution we think we heard something from one place but in fact we heard it from a completely different place can also be seen Can also be as extreme as encoding information that completely never happened Disordered memories Retrograde amnesia lose existing memories brain trauma or a blow to the head Anterograde amnesia we can t make new memories the famous case of HM was born in 1926 started having seizures around 7 had surgery on brain in which they removed part of the temporal lobe including the hippocampus he developed severe anterograde amnesia couldn t get new semantic information could still be classically conditioned could learn new procedural memories another example is Clive who had hippocampal damage and couldn t form new memories also Dory finding Nemo Forgetting Forgetting curve Decay Interference Proactive and retroactive Retrieval failure Tip of the tongue phenomena Issues in memory Reconstructive memory Ceci and bruck 3 4 Repressed memory The persistence of memory Is it possible to have no forgetting Permastore Photographic memory Liben and Signorella pictures of gender schema were presented to kids and they did a free recall test and the kids remembered general schemes then asked the kids who can the answers were men women both Kids with strong gender schema remembered more of the traditional pictures man driving truck woman teacher Eidetic imagery exists in 1in 20 adults can look at a room and they can describe everything in it for about 1 3 mins Flashbulb memories seemed to have emotionally charged memories and if the memory is so emotionally charged we experience it like a movie
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