Chapter 10 Human Dev t Dev t Psychology Research Concepts point in time The study of how behavior changes over the life span Motor perceptual cognitive emotional social moral intellectual 1 Cross sectional design examines people of different ages at a single a Doesn t control cohort effects effects due to the fact that sets of people lived during one period of time are known as cohorts 2 Longitudinal design examines dev t in the same group of people at multiple time points a Repeated observations of the same variable 3 Nature vs Nurture Intersections Hint it s not one or the other it s both a Gene Environment Interactions often the effects of genes depend on the environment and vice versa b Nature via Nurture genetic predisposition that causes an individual to select create a given environment c Gene Expression genes that only turn on in response to a specific environmental event Cognitive Dev t The study of how children acquire the ability to learn think reason communicate and remember Piagetian Theory children s thinking is qualitatively different than adults children advance in stages Equilibration process of adjusting ideas about the world experiences o Achieved through assimilation absorbing new experiences into current ideas and representations of the world and accommodation the altering of current ideas to be more compatible with experience knowledge 4 stages of dev t o Sensorimotor 0 2 years old No mental representation the ability to think about things that are absent from their immediate surroundings Their thoughts only their physical experiences o Preoperational 2 7 years old Can think using symbols such as words or playing pretend Egocentrism inability to see the world from other s point of views Inability to preform mental operations Lack conservation do not recognize that amount weight etc stays the same even if appearance changes o Concrete Operational 7 11 years old 2 Able to preform mental operations but only for actual physical events Can preform organizational tasks Cannot preform hypothetical situations o Formal Operational 11 Can preform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now Can make and test predictions and use plans Cons of Piaget s Theory o Much of dev t is more continuous than stagelike o Underestimated children s abilities to start with due to his task demands Vygotsky s Theory scaffolding parents provide a structure to aid their kids and as they grow up the parents gradually remove those aids so that the children can complete the tasks on their own Cognitive Aging 3 Social and Moral Dev t Infants develop interest in other people for the first 6 or 7 months Then stranger anxiety kicks in at about 8 9 months peaks at 12 15 months Temperament basic emotional style o Easy 40 o Difficult 10 o Slow to warm up 15 o Behaviorally inhibited 10 very shy Attachment establishing bonds o Imprinting must occur within 36 hours usually only in animals o Contact comfort positive emotions afforded by touch o Types Secure Attachment explores but always makes sure mom is watching 60 in 15 20 Insecure avoidant attachment explores without checking Insecure anxious attachment does not explore without Disorganized attachment appear dazed when presented mom s assistance 15 20 with the option 5 10 Parenting Styles o Permissive lenient little discipline very affectionate o Authoritarian very strict little affection o Authoritative supportive but sets clear and firm limits o Uninvolved there but very neglectful Children s behavioral emotional adjustment depends on o Genetic predisposition o Parenting styles o Peers o Family structure divorce single parent o Environment 4 o Average Acceptable Environment environment that provides kids with basic needs for affection and discipline Moral Development Kohlberg s Levels 1 Preconventional marked by a focus on punishment and reward a What s right what you are rewarded for b What s wrong what you are punished for 2 Conventional marked by a focus on societal values a What s right what society approves of b What s wrong what society disproves of 3 Postconventional marked by a focus on internal moral principles that go beyond societal views rights values a What s right what agrees with fundamental human b What s wrong what contradicts with human rights values 4 Criticisms of Kohlberg s Levels a Cultural bias b Sex bias justice males vs caring females c Low correlation with actual moral behavior d Cofounded with verbal intelligence e It assumes moral reasoning precedes emotional reaction to moral issues 5
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