Sociology Quiz The Core Chapter 14 Inequality and Ascription Table 14 1 Even if you have money in hand it will buy more or less depending on the person you are Whites are able to obtain mortgages easier than niggers spics Table 14 2 Even when education pays off in the same sort of job how much you earn depends on who you are When we compare how much men and women earn in the same occupations men s income beats women s income by a substantial amount Prejudice is a negative and unjustified prejudgment about people in a group It is generally a negative and hostile attitude toward a person who belongs to a group simply because they are placed in that group ascribed They are sustained by stereotypes Discrimination involves behavior Verbal Rejection using derogatory nouns to refer to a group of people i e calling black people monkeys Avoidance avoiding interaction with a certain group of people Active Discrimination acting to exclude members of particular groups from education Employment housing political etc Physical Attacks using violence or the threat of violence against a group of people Extermination participating in lynching s massacres genocide or pogroms Individual Discrimination occurs when an individual discriminates against another individual discriminates against another individual or group of people Institutional Discrimination InDirect Widespread denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that is built into social structures and organizations Ex Height Discrimination for certain jobs because they know certain races are smaller Ex College Admissions Officer Isms a suffix that applies to institutional discrimination generally this means that a member of the dominant group is targeting a member of a minority group isms represent level of discrimination for example ageism sexism racism etc Discriminatory Acts are Isms when there source is a member of the dominant group and their target is a member of the minority group in society The reason it only functions this way is because the impact of discriminatory acts is different for minorities then it is for members of the dominant group Stereotypes generalized interpretations about members of a particular group for example a general stereotype that might be representative of a college campus is that all fraternity and sorority members party all the time Social Constructs Race refers to societal presumptions about differences in the physical makeup of different individuals Gender social cultural attributes that define the binary categories of male and female SEX V GENDER SEX is physical Biological Physical characteristics Body parts functions Cultural Ideas of what it is to be masculine or feminine learned GENDER is social SEX is constant over time and place GENDER changes over time and place Margaret Mead Tchambuli women the dominant impersonal managing partner the man the less responsible and the emotionally dependent person Arapesh found that men and women trained to be cooperative unaggressive and responsive to the needs and demands of others and responsive to the needs and demands of others Sex was not a driving force for or for women The Arapesh Ideal is the mild responsive man married to the mild responsive women Mundugumor we found that both men and women developed as ruthless aggressive positively sexed individuals with the maternal cherishing aspects of personality at minimum aggressive violent The Mundugumor ideal is the violent aggressive man married to the violent aggressive women 14 5 To say that something is socially constructed is to say that it is made by people in society A norm is a social construction Race is social construction the main reality of race is not biological or physical First Five Races Caucasian Mongolian Malay American Ethiopian or African Gender and Race are similar in that both deal with social constructions Prejudice is different from prejudgment because it still occurs even in the presence of contradictory facts Ethnicity refers to cultural differences involving shared cultural history When determining which acts are deemed racist requires one look at the social context it occurred in Socially Constructed means it is made by people in society Lecture notes Globalization The whole world is becoming more unified economically socially culturally Ex Mardi Gras made in chine Due largely to most countries accepting capitalism o Positive effects inside and outside the U S More choices cheaper good more jobs better wages work year round o Negative effects o Local U S negative effects Pay workers FAR less spreads pollution changes local culture In order to keep jobs we have to offer lower wages fewer environmental protections less worker health safety protection Give up local and national control to global markets Secondary differences m f o mammary glands no mammary glands o menstruation ejaculation curved hips straight hips o o ESTROGEN AND TESTOSTERONE HAVE BOTH People value women s work less Lack of Concordance scientists have found that genes for appearance are totally unrelated to other genes Readings Adam and Bettis Normative Femininity Are the general roles expected by women ex Women eventually marry and have children Normative Masculinity Gendered Identity roles expected by males How modern cheerleaders do not disrupt 21st century U S ideals of normative femininity and masculinity What evidence if any do Adams and Bettis provide that cheerleading became less prestigious and socially valued once women came to dominate cheerleading Cheerleaders for all their athleticism toughness and risk taking do not disrupt twenty first century taken for granted notions of normative femininity and masculinity In other words they ultimately do not challenge the status quo by transgressing gendered boundaries Below is Evidence In the United States the cheerleader is a cultural icon on one hand symbolizing youthful prestige wholesome attractiveness peer leadership and popularity while simultaneously representing mindless enthusiasm shallow boosterism objectified sexuality and promiscuous availability Hanson 1995 2 A staple of American life and popular culture the cheerleader has received little scholarly attention 1 When discussed at all in academic research as illustrated in the follow ing quote cheerleading is typically presented as an activity that exploits and demeans girls The function of the cheerleader is to encourage the worship of the men the prettiest nicest and most lively