Soc. 001 1st Edition Lecture 26Outline of Last Lecture I. Clicker QuestionsII. DevianceIII. NormsIV. Chapter 10 (final part) Reading AssignmentOutline of Current Lecture V. Clicker QuestionsVI. Labeling DevianceVII. ConformityVIII. Autokinetic EffectIX. Chapter 11 Reading AssignmentCurrent Lecture- Clicker Question 1: Which of the following statements about deviance is trueo Across all cultures, certain acts are considered to be devianto Across all subcultures, certain acts are considered to be deviant by everyoneo Across various time periods within a particular culture, certain acts are considered to be deviant by everyone o Each of these statements is false- Clicker Question 2: When a sociologist say something is deviant, she/he means it is bad or immoralo False - Labeling the theory of devianceo Symbolic Interactionist paradigmo People constantly work to interpret realityo One way: labelso A label carries a lot of informationo Comes in two phases: Primary deviance- Everyone does something deviant- Called isolated deviance Secondary deviance- Some people are caught- They are “labeled” as a deviant - The label causes secondary (ongoing) deviance- Secondary deviance results from being labeled deviantThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Clicker Question 3: How does primary deviance differ from secondary deviance?o Individuals commit “secondary” deviance once they’ve been labeled as a deviant- Conformity: a change in behavior due to the real or imagined influence of other people- Autokinetic effect: very small movements of the eyeso A spot of light in a darkened room appears to moveChapter 11 Reading Assignment- Deviance: covers the range of fascinating and disciple behaviors that deviate from the norm; flip side of conformityo Tied to social norms- Norms o Vary across societieso Change over time o Vary within a particular society-different subgroups have different norms- Devianceo Varies across societieso What is considered deviant at one time may be considered normative at another timeo What is considered deviant varies from subgroup to subgroup within a society- **It is impossible to find any specific act that is considered deviant in every culture- Cesare Lombroso (physician in Italian prisons): deviants were, in effect, biological failures; criminals are evolutionary throwbacks, or atavists”- William Sheldon: said person’s body shape plays a role in criminality o Three types:o Ectomorphs: tall, thin, fragileo Endomorphs: short and fato Mesomorphs: muscular and athletico **Criminality was linked to mesomorphy o Other researchers said that it was not the body type, but the way that mesomorphics were socialized (tougher and less sensitivity) created a kind of self-fulfilling prophecy that encouraged criminality- Emile Durkheim: one of first researchers to look for the causes of deviance in terms of social rather than individual factorso Envisioned society as a system made up of interrelated partso When one part of the social machine doesn’t work properly, the entire system ceases to work well Aka collective science: the totality of beliefs and sentiments common to the average members of the same society; made up of the values, beliefs, norms and goals shared by people in a particular societyo “Suicide” was one of the first studies to use statistical analysiso Found that suicide was the manifestation of the amount of structural strain in a social systemo **As societies grew larger, more complex, and more specialized, the things that traditionally had held people together would begin to fail- Several sources of suicideo Egoism: occurs when people are not will integrated into society People lack ties to their social groups Ex. Unmarried people were less integrated into society than married peopleo Anomie: a state of social confusion resulting from a rapid social change Situation in which people do not experience the constraint of social norm-either because there are no norms or because they don’t know the norms **State in wherein society fails to exercise adequate regulation of the goals and desires of individual members Occurs when the collective science is not strong enough to affect the behavior ofthe individual o Durkheim came up with structural explanations to suicide rather than individualistic ones- Robert Merton: furthered Durkheim’s studies on anomieo Anomie is built into the structure of modern societyo Occurs when the norms of a society do not match its social structureo Social structures all have two things Goals: things worth striving for Means: legitimate ways to reach these goalso Disjunction: significant gap between goals and legitimate means; there exists certain common success-goals for the population at large while the social structure rigorously restricts or completely closes access to approved modes of reaching goals for a considerable part of the same population Ex. Many could not achieve a college education (means) in order to achieve the best jobs and most success (goals)  Represented form of structural strain, or anomieo Adaption conformity: people ignore the disjuncture and keep on tryingo Deviant innovation: accept and pursue the accepted goals of society but, when confronted with a lack of legitimate means, devise new ones **Accepts the cultural goals but rejects the legitimate means for achieving themo Ritualism: reject culturally approved goals but continue to pursue the means Follow legitimate means without caring about the goals Following the rules becomes more important that achieving the goalso Retreatists: noticeably different in that they reject both the goals and the legitimate means to them Do not care about the goals of success or about going through the motions Can “Drop out of society” by moving into mountains or terrainso Rebellion: rebels are deviant because they reject both cultural goals and means and thensubstitute new ones Substitution of goals and means distinguishes rebels from retreatist Seems to be the biggest threat to society- Just as legitimate means to success are unequally distributed in society, so are illegitimate means- One usually learns to be deviant through socialization  deviance is frequently a learned social behavior o Becker studied marijuana smokers (deviant from the law) to try and understand why they