Soc. 001 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. Recap of Last LectionII. OperationalizingIII. Clicker QuestionsIV. Relationshipsa. Positiveb. NegativeV. HypothesisOutline of Current Lecture VI. ClickersVII. DistributionsVIII. Chapter 6 Reading Assignment NotesCurrent Lecture- Clicker Question 1: Which is the best-stated hypothesis?o “The higher one’s social class, the more likely one is to obtain a college degree”o Fatal flaw in “social class affects education”: lacks a direction- Intro to Distributions: - Case: the unit being studiedUnited being studied: Data:Person WeightPerson ExerciseUniversity Graduation RateUniversity Percent In-state students- Clicker Question 2: The children in an elementary school are weighed by a nurse. The nurse weighs a child named Sara Lu. Here, the case is:o The child- Clicker Question 3: Sara Lu weighs 48 pounds. Here, “48” iso Attribute and value- Clicker Question 4: Sara Lu weights 48 pounds. Here the variable represents:o Weight (of a number of children)- Distribution: the number of cases at each value of a variable- Analyzing one variableo Univariate analysisThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o “One variable”o Describes one variable- Analyzing Two tables o Bivariate analysiso “Two variables”- Clicker Question 5: Why do we use percents?o Because we want to compare different sized groupsChapter 6 Reading Assignment- Two major approaches towards sociological inquiryo One comes from Emile Durkheim, who proposed we should study the social facts and viewed the goal of sociology to discover the laws that govern social behavior This approach is termed quantitative researcho Second one comes from Max Weber who saw sociology as a science, but argued that since the subject matter of sociology was different form that of the natural sciences, so should be the research approaches taken sociology must go beyond the natural sciences approach and be an interpreted science (take into account the social meanings/reasons attached to behaviors) Termed qualitative research because focuses not only on objective nature or behavior but also on its meaning)- Lit review: phase of research in which a sociologist reviews existing literature on a subject they are interested in, so that they can obtain background knowledge on work already done and also make sure that they are not wasting their time on something that was already researched- Method One; Surveys: series of questions asked of a number of peopleo Interview, followed by a self-administered questionnaireo Obtain information from large numbers of peopleo Appropriate for discovering basic demographic information Age, gender, income, education, religious affiliation, etc.o Allows researchers to obtain info about things that cannot be observed directly, like attitudeso Weakness: not a good way to measure people’s actual behavior Can be misleading because people do not want to admit certain behaviors, and many cannot give an accurate account of their behaviorso Close-ended survey questions: ask a desired question and provide answer categories Sometimes called matrix questionso Open-ended survey questions: questions that allow respondents to give an answer in their own words- Method Two; Observation: researcher directly observes the behavior of individuals in their natural social environment, not in a laboratoryo Also called field researcho Researcher can act as a complete participant, who goes “undercover” and doesn’t inform the participants that they are doing researcho Researcher can act as a complete observer, who views things from a distant; usually unknown to the people being observedo Researcher can be a participant observer, who admits to being a researcher so that people know they are being studiedo Allows researchers to observe behavior in its natural habitato Weakness: only relatively small groups can be observed at once; it is the most labor-intensive kind of research; researcher participation can influence subjects and therefore results known as Hawthorne effect- Method Three; Unobtrusive (Nonreactive) Research: strategies for studying people’s behavior in ways that do not have an impact on the subjectso Artifacts: archeologists dig up sites of ancient civilizations and look for the artifacts that inhabitants left behind to learn a great deal about the peoples’ culture Aka accretion measureso Use of existing statistics: a good place to start when researching and starting experimentso Content Analysis: subjecting some text to careful scrutiny to see what it reveals about itsauthor, the time in which it was written, etc. Diaries, literature, TV shows, radio commercials, etc.o These methods do not require the cooperation of people being studiedo Does not affect behavior being studied; unobtrusive research study social things after they have occurredo Weakness: it can only study things that have left traces which must be solid enough to last until they can be observed- Triangulation: research strategy used to pinpoint a social phenomenon; combination of methods in research so that the strengths in one method outweigh the weaknesses in the
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