Soc 001 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I Recap of Last Lection II Operationalizing III Clicker Questions IV Relationships a Positive b Negative V Hypothesis Outline of Current Lecture VI Clickers VII Distributions VIII Chapter 6 Reading Assignment Notes Current Lecture Clicker Question 1 Which is the best stated hypothesis o The higher one s social class the more likely one is to obtain a college degree o Fatal flaw in social class affects education lacks a direction Intro to Distributions Case the unit being studied United being studied Person Person University University Data Weight Exercise Graduation Rate Percent In state students Clicker Question 2 The children in an elementary school are weighed by a nurse The nurse weighs a child named Sara Lu Here the case is o The child Clicker Question 3 Sara Lu weighs 48 pounds Here 48 is o Attribute and value Clicker Question 4 Sara Lu weights 48 pounds Here the variable represents o Weight of a number of children Distribution the number of cases at each value of a variable Analyzing one variable o Univariate analysis These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute o One variable o Describes one variable Analyzing Two tables o Bivariate analysis o Two variables Clicker Question 5 Why do we use percents o Because we want to compare different sized groups Chapter 6 Reading Assignment Two major approaches towards sociological inquiry o One comes from Emile Durkheim who proposed we should study the social facts and viewed the goal of sociology to discover the laws that govern social behavior This approach is termed quantitative research o Second one comes from Max Weber who saw sociology as a science but argued that since the subject matter of sociology was different form that of the natural sciences so should be the research approaches taken sociology must go beyond the natural sciences approach and be an interpreted science take into account the social meanings reasons attached to behaviors Termed qualitative research because focuses not only on objective nature or behavior but also on its meaning Lit review phase of research in which a sociologist reviews existing literature on a subject they are interested in so that they can obtain background knowledge on work already done and also make sure that they are not wasting their time on something that was already researched Method One Surveys series of questions asked of a number of people o Interview followed by a self administered questionnaire o Obtain information from large numbers of people o Appropriate for discovering basic demographic information Age gender income education religious affiliation etc o Allows researchers to obtain info about things that cannot be observed directly like attitudes o Weakness not a good way to measure people s actual behavior Can be misleading because people do not want to admit certain behaviors and many cannot give an accurate account of their behaviors o Close ended survey questions ask a desired question and provide answer categories Sometimes called matrix questions o Open ended survey questions questions that allow respondents to give an answer in their own words Method Two Observation researcher directly observes the behavior of individuals in their natural social environment not in a laboratory o Also called field research o Researcher can act as a complete participant who goes undercover and doesn t inform the participants that they are doing research o Researcher can act as a complete observer who views things from a distant usually unknown to the people being observed o Researcher can be a participant observer who admits to being a researcher so that people know they are being studied o Allows researchers to observe behavior in its natural habitat o Weakness only relatively small groups can be observed at once it is the most laborintensive kind of research researcher participation can influence subjects and therefore results known as Hawthorne effect Method Three Unobtrusive Nonreactive Research strategies for studying people s behavior in ways that do not have an impact on the subjects o Artifacts archeologists dig up sites of ancient civilizations and look for the artifacts that inhabitants left behind to learn a great deal about the peoples culture Aka accretion measures o Use of existing statistics a good place to start when researching and starting experiments o Content Analysis subjecting some text to careful scrutiny to see what it reveals about its author the time in which it was written etc Diaries literature TV shows radio commercials etc o These methods do not require the cooperation of people being studied o Does not affect behavior being studied unobtrusive research study social things after they have occurred o Weakness it can only study things that have left traces which must be solid enough to last until they can be observed Triangulation research strategy used to pinpoint a social phenomenon combination of methods in research so that the strengths in one method outweigh the weaknesses in the other
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