SOC 001 1st EditionFinal Exam Study GuideChapter 14 - Money is thought as a great equalizer because a dollar is a dollar, and your dollar can be used to buy the same amount of stuff that someone else’s dollar can. Yet, this is a lie because some people’s dollars cost more and buy less.o People invest in education because it is believed that it will help the individual down the road; yet education pays a higher dividend to some individuals than it does other. Payoff of college is typically greater for whites than it is African Americans, Asians, or Hispanics, and higher for men than women.o Federal Reserve found that banks distinguish between loan applicants based on criteria other than money  whites can obtain mortgage loans (no matter what level of income they were from) much easier than blacks or Hispanics.o When refinancing, many find that the amount they invested in a home does not add up to the equity that someone else might have accumulated if they had invested in the property;they might have been given less advantageous loans no matter what their credit rate allows for Subprime loans: less advantage loans (usually with higher interest rates) that are frequently a result of a process known as “reverse redlining” Subprime loaning seem to reflect what a lender or broker through they could get away with, rather than any careful assessment of actual credit risko Racial surtax: charging higher fees and rates based on races rather than credit worthinesso Rent-to-own stores for those who don’t own credit cards or do not have cash cost 2-5 times more than the same products at a convenience or discount stores. - Prejudice: involves a prejudgment, or a judgment of some thing, person, or situation on the basis of prior experience with similar things, persons or situationso Prejudice is based on inaccurate information and/or illogical argumentso Prejudice is an unjustified prejudgment, or prejudice involves not only prejudgment but misjudgment o Prejudice has a way of sliding around facts in order to support their ill feelings toward members of another groupo Prejudice is sustained by stereotypes-oversimplified generalized images about members of a particular group Stereotypes categorize a particular group as having a certain set of characteristics- Discrimination: involves behavior while prejudice/stereotypes involve attitudes and beliefs- Individual discrimination: occurs when an individual discriminates against another individual (or group of individuals)- Institutional discrimination: involves a denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operation of society- The suffix –ism is usually applied to discrimination (ageism, sexism, racism, etc.) occurring on the institutional level, or at an individual level when consistent with institutional patterns of discriminationo Discriminatory acts are “isms” when their source is a member of the dominant societal group and their target is a member of a minority group in society- Minority: group of people who are singled out based on physical or cultural characteristics, whichcarries with it exclusion from full participation in the life of the society- Research shows that when the rights and privileges are extended to members of minority groups, members of the dominant group perceive their loss of advantage as discrimination- Stereotypes categorize a particular group as having a certain set of characteristics- Race: socially constructed attribute that is tied to beliefs about differences in physical makeup of different individuals- Sex differences: physical and biological differences between makes and females- Gender differences: have to do with social expectations about how males and females ought to actand their respective rights and duties- **Sex is a biological or physical attribute while gender is a social/cultural attributeo Gender differences tend to override sex differences, and are much more powerful determinants of people’s behaviors than their physical attributes- Margaret Mead created the study Sex and the Temperament in Tree Primitive Societies, where shelooked at the roles of men and women in three tribes; the results are as follows:o Arapesh: both men and women displayed cooperation, unaggressiveness and responsiveness to the needs and demands of others (what we would call “feministic qualities”) o Mundugumor: both men and women developed as ruthless, aggressive, extremely sexed individuals (having what we would call “qualities of the most undisciplined and violent males”)o Tchambuli: reversal of sex-attitudes of that in our own culture, where woman are the dominant, impersonal and managing partner while the man is less responsible and more dependent. o **This study showed that is no real basis for regarding aspects of behavior as sex-linked18-Adams: “Commanding the room in short skirts: Cheering as the embodiment of ideal girlhood”- Normative femininityo Definition: conforming with social standards about what is appropriate feminine behavior; filling in the feminine roleo Example: In the past, normative femininity meant being attractive and being submissive to males. After the feminist movement in the 60s, normative femininity became more about not submitting to makes and being more independent.- Normative masculinity:o Definition: Conforming with social standards about what is appropriate masculine behavior; filling in the masculine roleo Example: Showing athleticism and taking on leadership roles- While modern cheerleaders compete in an athletic, militaristic and dominant (traditionally male characteristics) way, they do it WITHIN a system that also emphasizes femininity, attractiveness and pleasantness (traditionally feminine characteristics). Cheerleaders are able to combine these two realms without disrupting either one. - Describing cheerleading in terms of: o The gender of cheerleader’s in different eras: In the early 1900s and up to WW2, cheerleading was an exclusively male sport. During WW2, women took males’ places in the sport. When men came back, they reclaimed their positions. After Title IX and the feminist movement in the 1960s, women once again took these roles.o The historical events that influenced the gender makeup of cheerleading: When WW2 happened, many young men had to leave to fight in the war, and so the spaces on cheerleading squads opened up to women. When men cam eback, they tried to bam girlsand reclaim