Soc 001 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture I Empiricism II Empirical III Galileo IV Aristotle Outline of Current Lecture V Clicker Questions VI Empirical Sociology VII Chapter 5 Reading Assignment Notes Current Lecture Clicker Question 1 What is one benefit of empiricism according to Wednesday s lecture Empiricism o Reveals flaws in poor theory Clicker Question 2 Regarding the astronaut s experiment with a hammer and a feather was this an example of theory or was it an example of empirical evidence o It was mostly an example of empirical evidence It s hard to be empirical o It s easy to miss stuf Basketball passing moonwalking bear video Crime scene video with 21 changes o We can each look at the same thing and see something diferent Optical illusions o We can each look at the same thing and see the opposite Ballerina example Clicker Question 3 What is one difficulty of empiricism Empiricism is hard because o It is easy to miss something it is easy for two people to see the same thing but interpret it diferently AND it is easy for two people to see the same thing but interpret it in opposite ways Chapter 5 Reading Assignment Scientists follow a simple method of work Find something of interest suggest a relationship between those concepts and then see if that hypothesis reflects what happens in the real world positive relationship it does occur in the real world These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute To understand the scientific method and writings one must first understand the vocabulary used by scientists Concepts the terms with which we organize things that we see o Ex When you look out your window you see lots of diferent things but we don t call them things we might say we see trees car stoplights buildings etc these are concepts o A concept is a label that is applied to things with similar characteristics or attributes Constructs words used to describe things that exist analytically but are not directly observable o Love racism intelligence speed Variables the concepts or constructs of interest to us which we use as our first step in conducting scientific research o Have two important characteristics A variable is thought to influence or be influenced by another thing Gender influences occupation Income influences voting behavior A variable has varying attributes characteristics or qualities that describes a thing Attributes of religious affiliation Catholic Jewish Protestant Buddhist etc Lists of attributes can vary depending on groups being studied but they are ALWAYS totally inclusive meaning that anyone in the world can fit into one of the categories usually done by including the categories other and none within the list as well o When a variable influences another thing it is a cause and when a variable is influenced by another thing it is an efect Independent variable one that is believed to influence something else aka the cause Dependent variable one that is believed to be influenced by the independent variable aka the efect o Variables that vary in the same direction have a positive relationship while variables that vary in the opposite direction have a negative relationship Positive Ex increased eating causes increased weight Negative Ex increased exercise causes decreased weight Hypothesis posited or suggested relationship between diferent variables o Can be true or false created to test whether the relationships a true or false in the real world Operational definition next step of the scientific method in which one transforms the variables into things that can be observed and measured o Listing its attributes so that you can count the presence or absence of those attributes in the real world o Ex Gender influences occupation Gender Male Female Occupation Professional Manager Skilled laborer Unskilled laborer Not employed Other o List of attributes must be exhaustive every thing or person being observed must fit into one category o List of attributes must be mutually exclusive no one person or thing should be able to fit into more than a single category Mean the average of the data Median the middle number within the data Mode the number within the data that appears the most Correlation a measure of association Causation one thing is caused by another
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