Soc. 001 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I. Further connection of Public Issues vs. Private TroublesII.Individual factorsIII.Unemployment exampleOutline of Current Lecture IV. Clicker QuestionV. Eating Disorder ExampleVI. Chapter One Reading AssignmentCurrent Lecture- Clicker Question 1: Which of the following is/are a specific case/s of “rolelessnesss”, according toCoontz?- Clicker Question 2: Coontz suggests thato Teenage years are an “economic holding period”- Personal trouble: iPhone Thefo Individual widespread troubles  public issueso Public issues  private troubles - What causes eating disorder?o Fashion industry, social media, poor self-esteem, comparison to someone who is genetically thinChapter 1 Reading Assignment: Responding to Chaos- People study what they most need to understand, or the things that ofen frighten themo Early people studied natural world because physical environment and climate depicted how they lived (when they planted/reaped crops, hunting, etc.) o As people began to understand and be able to predict the natural world, their social world became chaotic. For example, in the early 18th century in Europe, the society experienced: Fighting wars with foreigners Internal wars or revolutions Political, economical, religious foundations seemed to be fallingo Claudius Ptolemy determined/mathematically proved that the Earth was the center of the Universe (geocentric perspective); Western Church still agreed with this view thousands of years latero In 1543, Mikolaj Kopernik (aka Nicholas Copernicus) from East Prussia suggested that thesun was at the center of the Universe rather than the Earth (heliocentric perspective)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o In 1609, Galileo Galilei discovered the newly invented telescope in Venice, went home tocreate an even more powerful telescope, and used it to study the extraterrestrial bodies.He found evidence to support the heliocentric theory. He was exiled by the Church.o Newton came along and reaccredited Galileo while finally undoing the view of the Church by showing that the Earth was not the center of the Universe- Auguste Comte witnessed the social chaos following the French Revolution, and urged other scholars to specialize in the study of the problems of modern society and propose solutions, which he called sociology. He took his theories too far, calling himself “Founder of Universal Religion, Great Priest of Humanity” and died with sociology being thought of as a laughing stock.- Emile Durkheim: wrote the Division of Labor to explore the sources of order and stability in the modern worldo Premodern society: people’s livelihoods were based off of similar things; interests of the individuals in the community would coincide Solidarity: even most individualistic people focused on themselves need others to survive; likeness in one another’s individualistic needs held the premodern society together Collective conscience: similar circumstances led people to share like ideas, values and goals Solidarity was described as mechanical because people in the community functioned together as a simple machineo Modern society: based off of specialized division of labor and people’s interests are all different Society could not be held together by likeness Collective conscience existed, but in very small part of people’s overall consciences Division of labor becomes more complex  people become more different Organic solidarity: society functioned as a complex entity that depended on the proper functioning of a variety of parts; example: people depended on each other for tradeo **The key to understanding society was not to focus on the psychological or biological attributes of individuals, but on the nature of society itselfo Suicide is more than a personal issue-suicide rates were strongly influenced by social factors (economy, political changes, etc)o Divorce was also liked to societal influences and pressureso Sociology (according to Durkheim): the scientific study of social facts- Ferdinand Tönnies: created different types of societal relationshipso Gemeinschaf: intimate associations based on communal purposes Example: choosing your best friend because you like their company and they make you happyo Gesellschaf: impersonal associations created to reach some higher goal Example: hiring a tutor to improve your grade in Chemistryo People act with a variety of motives, and these motives makes the difference in what they do- Max Weber further described Tönnies beliefso Rational thinking: there was a motive as to why someone acted as they did; they were calculating and planning this so that they could achieve a goal in the end Example: students going to college in order to get a degree and obtain a high-paying jobo Nonrational thinking: people do things solely because they enjoy them and see it as fun or pleasurable; there are no ulterior motives behind the action Example: students going to college simply because they enjoy the atmosphere and the knowledge they gain from ito People said his sociology was “a debate with the ghost of Karl Marx”- Karl Marx believed the most crucial thing about a society was its production and distribution of goods (aka economic system)o He divided society into two groups: Bourgeoisie: owned the means of productions-factories which produced goods and distributed them about the city Proletariat: workers-survived by selling their labor to the bourgeoisieo Did not believe in the need for religion- Herbert Spencer believed society was governed by the same laws that the physical world was; hedid works describing evolution which was later referred to as “social Darwinism” afer Charles Darwin published his book on evolution seven years later. o Spencer believed in the “survival of the fittest”o When lef to pure competition within a society, the rich would survive while the poor would perish; society would weed out the weak on its owno Spencer and his followers opposed all types of state assistance to the poor and public schools- Jane Addams: sociologist in the US that created the Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago that helped the poor. She studied the causes and consequences of