EmpiricalAdj; based on observation or experienceRather than theory or pure logicArchimedesObserved;Heavier objects fall faster than lighter objectsTheorized:Occurs because lighter objects are “pulled” less by gravity GalileoThought about experiment. Thinking and observing is not enoughUsing only logic Generates oppositeWhat you need is a real experiment not just a thought experimentOnly go for real experiences, reject logicEmpiricalLogic demands proofEmpirical SocietyStouffer, 1949How to improve morale in the military Does promotion to higher rank improve moralLogic says yesLogic Demands ProofEmpiricism supports good logic and reveals flaws in poor logic StoufferDo promotions through the ranks help army morale?Concept->Operationalize->VariableConceptA mental image that summarizes a set of similar observations, feelings or ideasConcepts don’t exist in the real worldVariablesExist in the “real world”They measure concepts which don’t existConcept: FreedomVariable: Is sex without marriage accepted in societyAttributesThe values a variable can takeVariable; Make of CarAttributes; chevy, ford, Toyota…etcTesting Sociological Theory: Fundamentals1. Critical Thinking2. Operationalizing 3. Direction 4. Independent/Dependent Variable5. HypothesisGoal: To get you started on critical thinkingCritical ThinkingThe disciplined art of using the best thinking you are capable of in any set of circumstancesThinking about your own thinkingHaving the best capability to think 1. Empathy 2. Judgmenta. Judge which is the better answerb. Compare evidence c. Make careful distinctionsd. Clear accurate and relevant3. Learn your limits4. Distinguish between assumptions and inferences5.Critical Thinking GoalsGiven evidence, judge the direction of relationship between two variablesThe Correct order of steps from left to right isConcept, Operationalize, VariableWhich of the following is most clearly a list of variables?Major, Gender, year in schoolA variable must have at least how many attributes?2OperationalizeTransform the concept-which doesn’t exist in the real world- into something that can be observed and measured in the real worldDescribe the operations (steps)Simple; List the valuesComplex: Many dimensionsGoalsTopical:Introduction: Theory and HypothesisAbstract Thinking: Direction of relationshipsCritical Thinking: Judge whether you’ve stated hypothesis correctlyTesting Sociology Theory: FundamentalsDirectionHypothesisRelationship between theory and hypothesisDirection of relationshipsPositive relationship:As education increases, income increasesNegative relationship:As number of beers increases, GPA decreasesDefinition: Hypothesis- states a specific prediction of a theory3 Desirable Properties:1. testable expectation (empirical) 2. Uses two variables3. Clearly states the direction of the relationshipTheory ExampleSocial isolation affects suicide, with the more socially isolated more likely to commit suicideTheory TestingExplanation could be incorrect, so you have to test itHypothesis = specific expectation“Areas with higher religious participation will have lower suicide”Hypothesis Tests theoryIf hypothesis is confirmed, theory is supportedTheories are never conclusively provenDescribing 1 variableUnivariable“one variable”57 males 67 females for 124 studentsBivariate AnalysisTwo variablesTally by Characteristics of GroupsColumn percent is a characteristic of a groupMuch of sociology focuses on group averages rather than individual scoresInductive ResearchStart with a patternExplain it with a theoryThen derive equations to explain itA Users Guide to Thinking about CultureCulture is foundationalCulture is socializedCultures differCultures just growCultures are very complex and specializedCulture is SocializedWe learn ALL of it from othersIn interaction with othersCultures DifferPeople do things differentlySociological eye: see another biological process caught in a different cultural webFoundational + different = ethnocentrism Cultures just growCultures “form: more or less randomlyNo one person “makes” them No ultimate purpose“Hindsight is 20/20”Change looks orderly, inevitable but is really disruptiveLook obvious but really is randomCultures are very Complex (A lot going on)Specialized (sophisticated and specific)No single individual knows the entire cultureGuys wearing lipstick (negative attention) compared to girls wearing lipstick (positive attention) is an example of culture is socialized because it’s the connotation of what the culture thinks is acceptable. NormsValuesBeliefsNormsSocially accepted rules of behaviorEx. Speed limitsDivided up into Folkways (casual normal) ex. don’t talk with your mouth full, Mores (important rules) ex. Don’t kill, Taboos (even the thought of violating gets people going) ex. Incest. Nonmaterial culture includes normsSubcultureShared material and/or nonmaterial culture set them apart from larger cultureCounter-CultureNorms, values beliefs, material ->> perceived as threateningCase Study: Lamb and Lynx GaedeIn the Power of SocializationCome into the world as a blank slate, develop a
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