Empirical Adj based on observation or experience Rather than theory or pure logic Archimedes Observed Theorized Galileo Heavier objects fall faster than lighter objects Occurs because lighter objects are pulled less by gravity Thought about experiment Thinking and observing is not enough Using only logic Generates opposite What you need is a real experiment not just a thought experiment Only go for real experiences reject logic Empirical Logic demands proof Empirical Society Stouffer 1949 How to improve morale in the military Does promotion to higher rank improve moral Logic says yes Logic Demands Proof Empiricism supports good logic and reveals flaws in poor logic Stouffer Do promotions through the ranks help army morale Concept Operationalize Variable Concept ideas Variables Attributes Concepts don t exist in the real world Exist in the real world They measure concepts which don t exist Concept Freedom Variable Is sex without marriage accepted in society The values a variable can take Variable Make of Car Attributes chevy ford Toyota etc Testing Sociological Theory Fundamentals 1 Critical Thinking 2 Operationalizing 3 Direction 4 Independent Dependent Variable A mental image that summarizes a set of similar observations feelings or The disciplined art of using the best thinking you are capable of in any set of 5 Hypothesis Goal To get you started on critical thinking Critical Thinking circumstances Thinking about your own thinking Having the best capability to think 1 Empathy Judgment 2 a b Compare evidence c Make careful distinctions d Clear accurate and relevant Judge which is the better answer 3 Learn your limits 4 Distinguish between assumptions and inferences 5 Critical Thinking Goals Given evidence judge the direction of relationship between two variables The Correct order of steps from left to right is Concept Operationalize Variable Which of the following is most clearly a list of variables Major Gender year in school A variable must have at least how many attributes 2 Operationalize Transform the concept which doesn t exist in the real world into something that can be observed and measured in the real world Describe the operations steps Simple List the values Complex Many dimensions Topical Goals Introduction Theory and Hypothesis Abstract Thinking Direction of relationships Critical Thinking Judge whether you ve stated hypothesis correctly Testing Sociology Theory Fundamentals Direction Hypothesis Relationship between theory and hypothesis Direction of relationships Positive relationship As education increases income increases Negative relationship As number of beers increases GPA decreases Definition Hypothesis states a specific prediction of a theory 3 Desirable Properties testable expectation empirical 1 2 Uses two variables 3 Clearly states the direction of the relationship Theory Example commit suicide Theory Testing Social isolation affects suicide with the more socially isolated more likely to Explanation could be incorrect so you have to test it Hypothesis specific expectation Areas with higher religious participation will have lower suicide Hypothesis Tests theory If hypothesis is confirmed theory is supported Theories are never conclusively proven Describing 1 variable Univariable one variable 57 males 67 females for 124 students Bivariate Analysis Two variables Tally by Characteristics of Groups Column percent is a characteristic of a group Much of sociology focuses on group averages rather than individual scores Inductive Research Start with a pattern Explain it with a theory Then derive equations to explain it A Users Guide to Thinking about Culture Culture is foundational Culture is socialized Cultures differ Cultures just grow Cultures are very complex and specialized Culture is Socialized We learn ALL of it from others In interaction with others Cultures Differ People do things differently Sociological eye see another biological process caught in a different cultural web Foundational different ethnocentrism Cultures just grow Cultures form more or less randomly No one person makes them No ultimate purpose Hindsight is 20 20 Change looks orderly inevitable but is really disruptive Look obvious but really is random Cultures are very Complex A lot going on Specialized sophisticated and specific No single individual knows the entire culture Guys wearing lipstick negative attention compared to girls wearing lipstick positive attention is an example of culture is socialized because it s the connotation of what the culture thinks is acceptable Norms Values Beliefs Norms Socially accepted rules of behavior Ex Speed limits Divided up into Folkways casual normal ex don t talk with your mouth full Mores important rules ex Don t kill Taboos even the thought of violating gets people going ex Incest Nonmaterial culture includes norms Subculture Counter Culture Shared material and or nonmaterial culture set them apart from larger culture Norms values beliefs material perceived as threatening Case Study Lamb and Lynx Gaede In the Power of Socialization Come into the world as a blank slate develop a bias
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