Soc. 001 1st Edition Lecture 34 Outline of Last Lecture I. Definition of SexII. Definition of GenderIII. Primary sexual differencesIV. Secondary sexual differencesOutline of Current Lecture V. Examples of Race ConflictVI. Chapter 14 Reading AssignmentCurrent Lecture- Examples of race conflict o Arabian woman winning Miss Americao Rue in the Hunger Gameso Spanish child signing national anthem- Watching a Film: How much racial difference is there between humans?o Not mucho No biological basisChapter 14 Reading Assignment - Money is thought as a great equalizer because a dollar is a dollar, and your dollar can be used to buy the same amount of stuff that someone else’s dollar can. Yet, this is a lie because some people’s dollars cost more and buy less.o People invest in education because it is believed that it will help the individual down the road; yet education pays a higher dividend to some individuals than it does other. Payoff of college is typically greater for whites than it is African Americans, Asians, or Hispanics,and higher for men than women.o Federal Reserve found that banks distinguish between loan applicants based on criteria other than money  whites can obtain mortgage loans (no matter what level of income they were from) much easier than blacks or Hispanics.o When refinancing, many find that the amount they invested in a home does not add up to the equity that someone else might have accumulated if they had invested in the property; they might have been given less advantageous loans no matter what their credit rate allows for Subprime loans: less advantage loans (usually with higher interest rates) that arefrequently a result of a process known as “reverse redlining”These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Subprime loaning seem to reflect what a lender or broker through they could getaway with, rather than any careful assessment of actual credit risko Racial surtax: charging higher fees and rates based on races rather than credit worthinesso Rent-to-own stores for those who don’t own credit cards or do not have cash cost 2-5 times more than the same products at a convenience or discount stores. - Prejudice: involves a prejudgment, or a judgment of some thing, person, or situation on the basisof prior experience with similar things, persons or situationso Prejudice is based on inaccurate information and/or illogical argumentso Prejudice is an unjustified prejudgment, or prejudice involves not only prejudgment but misjudgment o Prejudice has a way of sliding around facts in order to support their ill feelings toward members of another groupo Prejudice is sustained by stereotypes-oversimplified generalized images about members of a particular group Stereotypes categorize a particular group as having a certain set of characteristics- Discrimination: involves behavior while prejudice/stereotypes involve attitudes and beliefs- Five types of discriminatory behaviors from least energetic to the most: o Verbal rejection (“antilocution”): using derogatory nouns (epithets) to refer to people in particular groups; telling jokes that put down entire groups of peopleo Avoidance: avoiding interaction with people from particular groupso Active discrimination: acting to exclude members of a particular groups from education, employments, housing, political, or recreational activitieso Physical attacks: using violence or the threat of violence against members of particular groups of their property, such as burning churches or desecrating graveso Extermination: participating in lynching, massacres, genocide or pogroms- All of previous behaviors are discriminatory, because they involve treating people unequally because of their membership in some group- Individual discrimination: occurs when an individual discriminates against another individual (or group of individuals)- Institutional discrimination: involves a denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operation of society- The suffix –ism is usually applied to discrimination (ageism, sexism, racism, etc.) occurring on theinstitutional level, or at an individual level when consistent with institutional patterns of discriminationo Discriminatory acts are “isms” when their source is a member of the dominant societal group and their target is a member of a minority group in society- Minority: group of people who are singled out based on physical or cultural characteristics, which carries with it exclusion from full participation in the life of the society- Research shows that when the rights and privileges are extended to members of minority groups, members of the dominant group perceive their loss of advantage as discrimination- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach: first applied the term “race” to humans in 1775, who came up with the classification of Caucasian, Mongolian, Malay, American and Ethiopian/African.o By the 19th century, many scientists believed in polygenism: belief that different races evolved from different origins, that different races constituted different subpieces of humanity- Race: socially constructed attribute that is tied to beliefs about differences in physical makeup of different individuals- Ethnicity: cultural differences that has to do with shared cultural heritageo Could include: religion, dress, music, language, food preferences, etc. - Margaret Mead created the study Sex and the Temperament in Tree Primitive Societies, where she looked at the roles of men and women in three tribes; the results are as follows:o Arapesh: both men and women displayed cooperation, unaggressiveness and responsiveness to the needs and demands of others (what we would call “feministic qualities”) o Mundugumor: both men and women developed as ruthless, aggressive, extremely sexedindividuals (having what we would call “qualities of the most undisciplined and violent males”)o Tchambuli: reversal of sex-attitudes of that in our own culture, where woman are the dominant, impersonal and managing partner while the man is less responsible and moredependent. o **This study showed that is no real basis for regarding aspects of behavior as sex-linked- Sex differences: physical and biological differences between makes and females- Gender differences: have to do with social expectations about how males and females ought to act and