Soc. 001 1st Edition Lecture 28 Outline of Last Lecture I. Autokinetic effectII. Clicker QuestionIII. Conformity in SocietyOutline of Current Lecture IV. Critical Thinkinga. Judgment b. EmpathyV. Clicker QuestionsVI. Chapter 12 Reading AssignmentCurrent Lecture- Critical thinkingo Introductiono Dimensions Judgment  Empathy- Goal of undergraduate education: to refine your skills at Critical Thinking- Critical thinking: the disciplined art of using the best thinking you are capable of o Thinking about your thinking o Be critical of your own thinking- Clicker Question 1: Critical thinking is defined as…o Using the best thinking you can- Four critical keys to critical thinking:o Judgmento Empathyo Learn your limitso Distinguish between assumptions and inferences- Judgment: the act of forming an opinion or decision that is based on careful thoughto Compare evidenceo Make careful distinctionso Use clear, accurate and relevant arguments- Clicker Question 2: Judgment can be thought of as…o Comparing evidence to make careful distinctions- Empathy: the ability to understand and share the feelings of one anothero Connection between individuals based on shared emotionsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Greater insighto Expanded world viewo Loss of fear (of new ideas, beliefs, etc.)o This is much easier said than done, since culture is foundationo Leads to better decisions and better critical thinkingo Especially useful for critical thinking when we think someone is wrong- Clicker Question 3/ Exam Question: Empathy could best be described as…o Feeling what someone else is feelingChapter 12 Reading Assignment - Inequality: inevitable fact of social life; people are always evaluated on the basis of some characteristic (or set of characteristics) and placed into higher or lower-ranking groups based off of these judgmentso Higher-ranking individuals usually receive more wealth/prosperity while lower-ranking individuals do not- Social stratification: evaluation-ranking-reward system and its results o Society is made up of social layers, or strata, that are arranged in a hierarchyo In every type of social stratification system, the people at the top are considered better (purer, smarter, braver, etc.) than the people at the bottom- Stratification systems vary between culture, but have three related things in common:o The systems tend to persist for a long timeo The systems are resistant to changeo Each system is bolstered by widely accepted legitimating rationales (widely accepted beliefs that something is fair and just)- Three main types of stratification systems:o Caste system: one’s rank is determined by birth Based on ascribed characteristics Generally determines a person’s prestige, occupation, residence and the nature of their social relationships Divides whole society into heredity groups, by selective marriage, division of labor and hierarchy ranking Transmigration (reincarnation): each person is born into a certain caste as a result of his/her actions and thoughts in a previous life (karma: law of cause and effect) Hindu caste system based off ancient sacrifice of Purusha, who was dismembered by the Gods and whose body parts became foundation of the fourvarnas- Brahmans: priests, seers and philosophers- Kshatriyas: warriors, royalty and administrators - Vaishyas: producers, merchants, farmers, artisans and other skilled workers- Shudras: peasants or unskilled workerso Estate: one’s rank is determined by birth Contacts between members of different estates are permitted, thought this contact is usually very impersonal Three estates (or social strata):- Highest stratum/first estate: made up of the aristocracy or nobility; first estate was inherited or ascribed to later generations of family members within this stratum- Second estate: made up of clergy; church still had a great deal of power because it owned a lot of lando Not based on ascribed characteristics- Third estate: included only the peasants; these people were tied to the land given to landowners in the first estateo Later included merchants and craftsmen as wello Aka the “estate of the commoners” Industrialization broke down the estate systemo Class system: God did not put the best people in the highest ranks like the above, but rather the best people work their own way to the highest ranks Achieved rather than ascribed characteristics The position one receives in the class system is a direct result of your own efforts, traits, abilities and not the result of economic or social factors- Karl Marx: the most important thing about any society was its economic system, especially the means by which it produced the stuff that people needed to surviveo Means of production: in early times, it was hunting and gathering, in the Middle Ages it was agriculture, in modern times it’s industryo Proletariat: those whose place in the means of production is to labor; they have only their own labor power to sello Bourgeoisie: those who own the means of production-the factories and other large production facilities- Max Weber: thought that Marx’s view on the economic class was too narrowo Does not matter where one stood in relation to the means of production (whether or not one was an owner or a worker) but where one stood in the market situationo Power: the probability that one actor within a social relationship will be in a position to carry out his own will despite resistance; aka the ability to impose one’s will or to get one’s way even when faced with opposition from otherso Legitimate power (authority): power that is seen as justified Ex. Police officer stopping bank robber and taking his/her looto Illegitimate power: power that is not justified Ex. Mugger stopping a pedestrian to take his walleto Status: has to do with prestige- or the degree to which an individual has social honor; mainly based off of occupations- Slavery can exist (and has) within caste, estate and class systemso There is a tendency for slavery to change from being an achieved status to an ascribed oneo Some say a slave system is just like the caste system and that slaves are simply the outcasts- Social mobility: can be horizontal or verticalo Horizontal: movement from one occupation to another in the same stratumo Vertical: movement up or down in a stratification system (ex. From