Typical college educated women lost more than 1 million in lifetime earnings and forgone retirement when she opted out 30 of women who opt out and wanted to go back to work could not get a job Values stretch o A 2011 study found that 65 of the fathers they interviewed felt that mothers and fathers should provide equal amounts of caregiving for their children o 2010 Pew Poll 72 of both women and men between 18 and 29 agreed that the best marriage is one in which husband and wife both work and both take care of the house o 70 of children live in households where every adult works o No major federal programs in the last 20 years do deal with this Divorce divorce o Estimates are about 50 of marriages will end in divorce o Half of divorced people remarry within the first three years after the o Divorce is a rejection of a specific partner not of marriage o 80 of people who divorce end up remarrying most within 5 years o Who is most likely to remarry Men marry sooner after a divorce and generally someone younger Women More education and resources more likely to remarry More education and resources less likely to remarry Exception is women with high employment status who divorce when they are older Exception is women with high employment status who divorce when they are older Being a parent lowers chances of remarriage More for women than men As age increases chances of remarriage decreases More recent data shows that remarriage is associated with greater chance of divorce o Divorce Old adversary system No fault divorce Migratory divorce Divorce by mail summary dissolution CA married less than 2 years no kids agree upon property 2013 national survey of family growth o Women between the ages of 15 and 44 unmarried o 48 were cohabiting o Most likely to cohabit if Dropped out of high school Latina Children of divorce o Greater emotional conflict o Lower academic achievement o Lower self concepts o Have less trust in or commitment to their own romantic relationships o Poor mental health in childhood and early adulthood o Little interaction with father About 17 of dads have sole custody Religion o A system of beliefs and practices o By means of which a group of people o Struggle with the ultimate problem of human life death Basic functions of religion Durkheim o Functions as a form of social cement o Provides emotional support o Reinforces norms of societies o Helps people through major life crises Types of religious organizations Oneida community o Ecclesia claims membership of almost everyone in a society o Denomination one or 2 religious organizations that claim the allegiance of a substantial part of the population Catholic and Protestant o Sect formally organized religious group that has split from a denomination Get into religion through conversion not born into the religion o Cult loosely organized and short lived Often has unusual requirements for members o Founder John Humphrey Noyes Born in 1811 in Vermont Went to Yale got a license to preach lost it when he declared he was without sin sinless life Perfectionism given the right environment people could lead Converted family first then others in the area 1844 adopted economic communism 1846 shares spouses Moved to Oneida creek new york 1847 Did so because Noyes was indicted on grounds of adultery had sex with a women to cure her After first year built mansion house All members under one roof Group oriented Had to solve the problem of primary group living at secondary group size Emphasized we over I Decision making and social control Economic communism Had rich members who gave belongings when they joined Sewell Newhouse Silverware Oneida is known for making silverware Complex marriage Free love all men loved all women and all women loved all men Practiced coitus reservatus except if female was past menopause child was desired Eugenics planned having of children Didn t allow for kids for the first 20 years Certain members could have kids Had to apply Fathers were usually much older than mothers Noyes had 10 kids had sex with about 200 women Ending Lasted for 50 years Reasons for ending o A lot of external pressure because of sexual practices o Noyes was gone a lot Was a charismatic leader so that had a huge effect o Another minister joined John Towner so the community split into two groups Education o Formal or informal transmission of knowledge or skills o Schooling formal instruction in the classroom elementary middle high school college o Basic functions of schools o Conflict Instruction teach how to read etc Socialization how to get along with others manners etc Custody and control keep kids busy during the day Certification get a degree Selection pick people for occupations doctor lawyer Education system used by elites to maintain social positions Teach people that inequality is justified Tracking assign kids to classes based on ability If you don t do well it is always your own fault Taught American values A sanitized view of the history of the US o Cultural Capital Social assets such as familiarity and identification with elite culture and knowledge of manners dress etc o Human capital o Social capital individuals Investing in yourself a college education Norms that promotes cooperation between two or more Norm of reciprocity between two friends How to work in groups Factors affecting the rise in women s employment o Manual labor required for many jobs decreased and more white collar jobs were created o Better wages provided an incentive for women to enter the workforce o Greater opportunity to pursue an education than in the past o Delayed marriage and childbearing o Increased life expectancy Collective behavior and social change o Collective behavior relatively spontaneous unorganized and unpredictable social behavior o Can stimulate social change the alteration of society over time o Contrast with institutionalized behavior o Preconditions Structural conditions the social organization must permit collective action to occur Social strain may arise from conflict between the two groups The growth and spread of generalized belief participants come to share some idea about the social strain A precipitating factor something must happen to bring things to a high pitch The mobilization of participants for action Ring leaders move people to take a specific action Inadequate social control Police cannot control the situation or even encourage it Type of collective behavior characterized by maladaptive response Types of collective