- Typical college educated women lost more than $1 million in lifetime earnings and forgone retirement when she opted out- 30 % of women who opt out and wanted to go back to work could not get a job- Values stretcho A 2011 study found that 65% of the fathers they interviewed felt that mothers and fathers should provide equal amounts of caregiving for theirchildreno 2010 Pew Poll 72% of both women and men between 18 and 29 agreed that the best marriage is one in which husband and wife both work and both take care of the houseo 70% of children live in households where every adult workso No major federal programs in the last 20 years do deal with this- Divorceo Estimates are about 50% of marriages will end in divorceo Half of divorced people remarry within the first three years after the divorceo Divorce is a rejection of a specific partner, not of marriageo 80% of people who divorce end up remarrying (most within 5 years)o Who is most likely to remarry? Men (marry sooner after a divorce and generally someone younger)- More education and resources, more likely to remarry Women- More education and resources, less likely to remarry- Exception is women with high employment status who divorce when they are older- Exception is women with high employment status who divorce when they are older Being a parent lowers chances of remarriage- More for women than men As age increases chances of remarriage decreases More recent data shows that remarriage is associated with greaterchance of divorceo Divorce Old adversary system No fault divorce Migratory divorce Divorce by mail (summary dissolution) (CA – married less than 2 years; no kids; agree upon property)- 2013-national survey of family growtho Women between the ages of 15 and 44 (unmarried)o 48% were cohabitingo Most likely to cohabit if: Dropped out of high school Latina- Children of divorceo Greater emotional conflicto Lower academic achievemento Lower self conceptso Have less trust in or commitment to their own romantic relationshipso Poor mental health in childhood and early adulthoodo Little interaction with father About 17% of dads have sole custody- Religiono A system of beliefs and practiceso By means of which a group of peopleo Struggle with the ultimate problem of human life (death)- Basic functions of religion (Durkheim)o Functions as a form of social cemento Provides emotional supporto Reinforces norms of societieso Helps people through major life crises- Types of religious organizationso Ecclesia – claims membership of almost everyone in a societyo Denomination- one or 2 religious organizations that claim the allegiance of a substantial part of the population (Catholic and Protestant)o Sect- formally organized religious group that has split from a denomination Get into religion through conversion, not born into the religiono Cult – loosely organized and short lived Often has unusual requirements for members- Oneida communityo Founder: John Humphrey Noyes Born in 1811 in Vermont Went to Yale – got a license to preach, lost it when he declared he was without sin Perfectionism – given the right environment, people could lead sinless life- Converted family first, then others in the area 1844 adopted economic communism 1846 shares spouses Moved to Oneida creek new york (1847)- Did so because Noyes was indicted on grounds of adultery (had sex with a women to cure her)- After first year built mansion house- All members under one roof- Group oriented Had to solve the problem of primary group living at secondary group size- Emphasized “we” over “I” Decision making and social control Economic communism- Had rich members who gave belongings when they joined- Sewell Newhouse- Silverware – Oneida is known for making silverware Complex marriage- Free love – all men loved all women and all women loved all men- Practiced coitus reservatus except if female was past menopause child was desired Eugenics (planned having of children)- Didn’t allow for kids for the first 20 years- Certain members could have kids- Had to apply- Fathers were usually much older than mothers- Noyes had 10 kids (had sex with about 200 women) Ending- Lasted for 50 years- Reasons for endingo A lot of external pressure because of sexual practiceso Noyes was gone a lot Was a charismatic leader so that had a huge effecto Another minister joined (John Towner) so the community split into two groups- Educationo Formal or informal transmission of knowledge or skillso Schooling – formal instruction in the classroom (elementary, middle, highschool, college…)o Basic functions of schools Instruction (teach how to read, etc.) Socialization (how to get along with others; manners, etc.) Custody and control – keep kids busy during the day Certification – get a degree Selection – pick people for occupations (doctor, lawyer)o Conflict Education system used by elites to maintain social positions Teach people that inequality is justified- Tracking (assign kids to classes based on ability)- If you don’t do well it is always your own fault Taught American values- A sanitized view of the history of the USo Cultural Capital Social assets such as familiarity and identification with elite culture and knowledge of manners, dress, etc.o Human capital Investing in yourself (a college education)o Social capital Norms that promotes cooperation between two or more individuals Norm of reciprocity between two friends How to work in groups- Factors affecting the rise in women’s employmento Manual labor required for many jobs decreased and more white collar jobs were createdo Better wages provided an incentive for women to enter the workforceo Greater opportunity to pursue an education than in the pasto Delayed marriage and childbearingo Increased life expectancy- Collective behavior and social changeo Collective behavior – relatively spontaneous, unorganized, and unpredictable social behavioro Can stimulate social change (the alteration of society over time)o Contrast with institutionalized behavioro Preconditions Structural conditions – the social organization must permit collective action to occur Social strain – may arise from conflict between the two groups The growth and spread of generalized belief – participants come toshare some idea about the social strain A precipitating factor – something must happen to bring