SOC 001 Final Quiz Study GuideCHAPTER 13- Asking questions about social class violates a myth in America that all Americans are equal- Income: the amount of money that an individual or family group receives in wages, salaries, investments, and so on- Wealth: the total value of the assets owned by an individual or family group, minus the amount of debt they have. o It is significant because it tends to be more enduring and provides more access to what Weber called “life chances”o The command over financial resources that a family has accumulated over its lifetime along with those resources that have been accumulated across generationso These resources when combined with income can create the opportunity to secure a “good life”o Wealth money is not used for life necessities, rather to create opportunity, secure desired stature and standard of living, or pass along class status to one’s children- Effects of parents’ social class on children’s life chanceso Health Mortality (death) rates and morbidity (sickness) rates are negatively related to social class - EXAMPLE: Poverty is related to delays in children’s physical development- Physically underdeveloped and ill children might become less healthy and hence less employable as adults- Poor children are more likely to suffer from psychological distress o Education Parental income has a result on whether children finish high school and attend and graduate from college Kids who didn’t attend pre-school are disadvantaged compared to kids that dido Working Life Men who grew up in poor families tend to work fewer hours per year and earn less per hour than those who grew up in middle class homes Growing up in poor families reduces men’s annual earning ny more than 40%o Crime and Justice Poor people are more likely to be victims of any crime People from lower classes who break the law are more likely tobe arrested, less likely to be released on bail, and more likely togo to prison- Cultural Explanations of reproductiono The class structure People in different social classes have different beliefs, values, and behavioral norms which they pass on to their children Social class patterning of the child’s learning, as exerted through the family, extends from the control of the type of foodhe eats and the way he eats it, to the kinds of sexual, aggressiveand educational training he receives Lower classes beliefs, values, and behavioral norms are not very compatible with success in society o Culture of Poverty  Turns poverty into a vicious cycle  Poverty tends to perpetuate itself from generation to generation Its not so much that the values, beliefs, and behavioral norms of poor people are bad; more to the point is the degree to which these values, beliefs, and norms are out of whack with those of mainstream societyo Structural Explanation of reproduction of class systems Focus on limited access to opportunities that poor people have compared to the more affluent Differences in values, beliefs, and norms are better explained as the consequences of poverty rather than its causes Not their culture but the lack of opportunities open to the poor that holds them back “you can take them out of the environment but you can’t take the environment out of them” the cultural theories of poverty themselves may be contributing to the problem major cause of poverty is lack of opportunity- Tracking o Tracking is the process whereby students are divided into categories so that they can be assigned in groups to various kinds of classeso The categories: fast, average, or slow classes based on their scores on achievement or ability testso Educators believe that students learn better in groups with each others like themselves Tracking and ability grouping has a negative effect on the achievement of lower track or ability grouping students It has a negligible effect on students in the middle groups, and a weak to modest positive effect on high track and ability group students Disadvantages to tracking and ability grouping for students in the lower groups in terms of development of negative attitudes and behaviors related to learning Advantages for future course selection and placement for educational aspirations for high track students - The Pygmalion Effect o Hypothesized that teachers expectations influenced children’s performance o Gave students a test and the teachers were told that the results of this test could predict how students would do in school during the coming academic year o Teachers were told that 20% of their class were “sputters/bloomers”o The “special test” was actually just an intelligence test and it could notpredict future achievement o One of every 5 children were assignment to the “spurter/bloomer” group o The researchers created an impression in the teachers’ minds that great things could be expected of some of their students in the comingyear o Gave the test again at the end of the year and the children who were expected to spurt made larger gains than nonspurtersTABLE 13.2CHAPTER 14- Dollar is not a Dollaro The idea is that the dollar is misleadingo In reality, some peoples dollars cost more and buy less o Even if you have money in hand; it will buy more or less depending onwho you are - Table 14.1o The payoff of a college degree is greater for whites then for Asians, blacks, or Hispanics and higher for men and womeno White males make more money across the charts Asians only make more money than whites if they come out with some college degree o White women are different than white men Asian women make more money with a bachelors degree than them  Being a female depresses women’s income throughout their careers - Figure 14.2o Blacks are more likely to be denied a mortgageo This is evidence for why a dollar is not a dollar Prejudice vs. Discrimination- Prejudice involves a prejudgment or a judgment of some thing, person, or situation on the basis of prior experience with similar things, persons, or situationso Learning by experienceo Difference between Prejudice and Prejudgmento Prejudice Prejudice is based on inaccurate info and/or illogical arguments  It is an unjustified prejudgment  Prejudice involves prejudgment and misjudgment Prejudices have a way of “slithering around” the fact in order to find ways of justifying ill feelings toward members of another group Sustained by stereotypes. They