Psych 100 Unit Exam 2 Prof LeBreton Study Guide 2 Your exam will have 50 MC questions and covers chapters 3 6 7 and 8 Distinguish between sensation and perception Sensation information coming into your brain Perception organizing and interpreting the information Ex Your ear receives a stimulus in the form of sound waves you perceive that your favorite song is on the radio Understand Weber s Law Weber s Law the difference between two things depends on the strength of the original stimulus the stronger the original stimulus the bigger the changes must be in order for them to be noticed yet changes in weak stimuli are very noticeable Ex If holding 100 pounds must add two pounds to detect a difference If holding ten pounds must add two ounces to detect a difference Understand how the human visual system works including the parts of the eye and how they function Vision must have light to see light is composed of waves that give us Hue wavelength of light gives us color Brightness intensity of light Saturation complexity of light gives us pure versus paler colors Human visual spectrum ROY G BIV Parts of the eye Cornea protective coating on the surface of the eye Iris the colored part of the eye that regulates the amount of light that enters Pupil the opening of the iris the black part Lens the transparent portion of the eye that focuses on light onto the retina Retina images fall here sensory receptor cells are here The retina has two types of receptor cells Rods receptor cells that code information about light and dark located outside the center of the retina 120 million cells in each eye Cones receptor cells that code information about light dark and color located at the center of the retina 6 million cells each eye Fovea the spot where the cones are concentrated images focused directly onto the fovea are clearest because of the high concentration of cones Optic nerve the nerve that carries visual neural messages to the brain the area where the optic nerve attaches contains no rods or no cones and therefore is a blind spot Understand the two theories of color vision Trichromatic Theory the first level of color processing There are three different kinds of cones in the eye and each respond to light in either red blue or green wavelengths therefore all sensations of color result from stimulating a combination of these three cones Psych 100 Unit Exam 2 Prof LeBreton The Opponent Process Theory second level of color processing in addition to three types of cones one for red blue and green there are opponent process mechanisms which respond to either the red green or the yellow blue wavelengths Understand the Gestalt principles of visual organization ex proximity similarity etc and the rules of perceptual constancy The 4 Gestault Principles of Perceptual Organization 1 Proximity things that are closest together are grouped together in the mind as if they belong together information 2 Closure incomplete figures tend to be seen as complete because our brain fills in missing 3 Similarity similar things are seen as being related 4 Continuation images are seen in ways that produce smooth continuation Visual Constancy the perception of objects remains unchanged even when the sensation of the object is changing Brightness Constancy we understand the brightness of an object does not change even when the object is dimly lit Color Constancy we understand that colors do not change despite different conditions of light Size Constancy size does not change Shape Constancy shape does not change Know the key monocular and binocular depth cues Monocular Cues cues in the environment that suggest depth and can be seen by only one eye Binocular Cues uses both eyes Convergence eyes angle inward as an object gets closer to us Retinal Disparity because each retina is a few inches apart they have slightly different images and this helps us with depth perception Be familiar with pain gate theory of pain perception Pain messages are sent through two distinct pathways Rapid first pain Slow second pain Gate Control Theory of Pain there are neural gates endorphins that control the transmission of pain impulses The gate can be open slow pain messages are not blocked therefore we experience pain or closed slow pain messages are blocked and we do not experience the pain CHECK THIS Psych 100 Unit Exam 2 Prof LeBreton Know all of the stages of sleep both REM and non REM including brain waves associated with each stage Two types of sleep Non REM Sleep Cycles Stage 1 easy to wake up Lightest sleep Hypnogogic state Myoclonia startle awake feeling of falling Theta waves occur Stage 2 Somewhat more deeply asleep mid sleep Sleep spindles occur K complex occurs Stage 3 Deep sleep Delta waves 20 slow wave deep sleep begins Heart and breathing slow and regular Stage 4 Deepest sleep Delta waves reach nearly 100 Blood pressure and brain activity at lowest points in 24 hour period REM Sleep Rapid Eye Movement sleep Called active sleep or paradoxical sleep dream sleep 20 25 of nights sleep Internally Intense brain activity Brain temperature rises rapidly Epinephrine release leads to increases in Blood pressure Heart rate Respiration Externally Body appears calm Large muscles become paralyzed Eyes dart around Dreaming occurs in 80 of people During REM sleep the brain conducts Consolidation of learning and memory all night studying doesn t help Perceptual or motor skills increase after 8 10 hours of sleep The true function of REM sleep is a mystery Psych 100 Unit Exam 2 Prof LeBreton Be familiar with parasomnias Sleep phenomena Parasomnias Somnambulism sleepwalking occurs during partial arousal from stage 4 sleep Sleep Terror happens during partial arousal from stage 4 sleep Usually begins with a piercing scream Nightmares are frightening dreams that occur during REM sleep Somniloquy sleep talking occurs during any sleep stage Is more frequent among children Be familiar with the basic categories of psychoactive drugs Psychoactive drugs any substance that alters mood perception or thought People take drugs to Relieve pain discomfort Alter consciousness Psychological escape For recreation fun Types of drugs Stimulants speed up the Central Nervous System Low Moderate Levels excited confident euphoric High Levels anxious jittery hyper shaky Overdose convulsions heart failure death Common uppers caffeine meth cocaine nicotine speed crack crank Depressants slow down the Central Nervous System Low Moderate Levels calm drowsy reduced anxiety
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