Ch. 3: Archaic Greece- City State (polis): defined geographical area comprising a central city and its, adjacent territory, which together make up a single, self-governing political unit.- Demos: Land and its people- Political Unification:o The capital city is the focal point of the state. o Those who live outside the city have a lower civic or social status than city dwellers. o Politai (members of polis)o Synoecism: process by which demos became unified.- City States were small consisting of small town and its adjacent plain, with outlying villages.- Center of power resided in council of elders. (boule)o Task of making policies and drafting laws for polis. Recruited from high magistrates. For long term or life.- Greek world extended from Spain to Colchis in the East:o To satisfy Greek’s growing appetite for imported goods (scarce metals)o To provide citizens of motherland enough fertile land to live a good life in their new poleis. - Metropolis: mother polis.- had to choose site for colony, obtain divine approval for it, plan settlement, choose Oikistes (founder).- Oikist: responsible for leading out colonists, laying city’s defense, establishing sanctuary of gods, and assigning kleroi.- Apoika: colony “home away from old home”- Economic and Social Divisions in the Archaic Poleis:o Back home, not every family could emigrate to new land, and as population grew back home, it became a problem to each new generation of oikoi to gain access to land. o Result: It was widening the existing economic and social gulf between small groups at the top, and all the resto Economic power of aristocrats rested on their inherited landholdins. The controlled group of total agricultural land in demos and greater share of the good land.  Became richer by cash crops (wine, olive oil) Most profit was ability to exploit plight of porest farmers, who made up 1/3 of demos.  Some mortgaged kleroi to the rich, paying off debt with portion of crops, Others became share croppers on rich mans land.  Thetes: hired hands who worked for mere subsistence.  Most people, (40-50%) were self sufficient and not economically dependent on the rich. - Aristotle refereed to them as The Middleo Upper class was dominated by smaller number of families that were preeminent becauseof noble bloodlines and greater wealth.  They kept their status by only marrying among themselves. Called themselves the Good. o Middle Group had greater economic and social degradation. Some nonnoble oikoi shaired increasing prosperity while others were barely keeping out of debt.  Differences in economic and social status among dependent farmers and craftsmen prevented them from being a class with their own interest.  A commoner, if wealthy, could marry into nobility. - Theognis says wealth corrupts a lineage, so its not always good to marry into nobility.  It is easier for a commoner to move down the social status than to move up.  Thetes were not happy because they worked for others.- Spartan helots were also one of these. o Conquered by Sparta and made to work for Spartan citizens as serfs on their own land. o Given some human rights (could marry and raise a family to keep portion of production.o Slaves were lowest status. Acquired from outside purchase or capture who had no freedom or rights, and legally classed as property. Increase use of slaves was result of political reforms abolishing debt bondage within polis, which forced the rich to turn to slave labor. - Citizenship- All free born members of polis, but far from equal rights.o Women were denied participation in public affairs.o Only adult males over 18 could participate.o Full citizen privileges for even nonnoble (vote, speak in assembly, hold office, serve as judge, fight in army) only happened at end of Archaic age. And only happened in Democratic states. - Have nots and oikoi cried for redistribution of land because they had few opportunity to acquire good land. - Hoplite Army: Heavily armored foot soldiers, arranged in tightly packed formation (phalanx)o Fought in battles between poleis. (farmers and craftsmen)o Battle tactics: Opposing phalanxes formed up, charged at one another, and collided.o Weapon was long heavy spear and short slashing sword. Wore helmet, breastplate, and greaves of bronze.o Hoplon: New shield, round, wooden with bronze covero Used the “the pushing” maneuver where ranks in the back pushed the ones in the front forwards, using weight to break enemy ranks. o Battles were brief, and casualties were lighto Hoplites had to furnish their own armor and arms, which were expensive, so poorest menserved as light armed troops. o Everyone was equal in the phalanx, but distinction was seen between phalanx and light skirmish fighters.- Archaic Age Tyrants: 670-500o Dictator or strongman. Single ruler, lacked legitimacy of old paramount basileus.o Arose from elite group and distinguished in their polis for personal achievements. Cypselus held the post of polemarch (military commander) in Corinth Cylon of Athens attempted coup in 632 but failed, won fame in Olympic games. Few tyrannies lasted more than 3 generations and most collapsed after one or two. o No tyrant could have overthrown the oligarchs without tacit support of the citizens, particularly the hoplites. Hoplites don’t need to actively help the tyrants but stand aside and not defend nobles. o Charisma and achievementso Cultural activities thrived: New religious cults and festivals were established, and tyrants made effort to attract best artists, architects, poets, and thinkers to Greece. o Second or third generation tyrants usually were resented by people and overthrown.- Art and Architecture: During Cypselus reign, Corinth emerged as leading commercial center of Greece. o Corinthian potters dominated trade in finely painted pottery. “Black figure”: first painted a silhouette ad then filled with deorations. o Kouros:naked young male statue Kore: naked young maideno Agora: gathering place, large open space at center of the city.- Archilochus of Paros: a soldier of fortune and an inspired poeto Wrote about drinking, sex life, comrades and enemies, battles and shipwrecks.- Some talk about aristocratic display of luxury:o Xenophanes censured the elite of his native Colophon who went to the assembly in their all purple cloaks glorying their well dressed hair with perfume and elaborate scents.o HIpponax of Ephesus: adopted