CLAS 1000 1st Edition Lecture 20Outline of Last Lecture III. Awkward Adolescence: Mid/Late Archaic (700-500BC)B. Polis! Now what?- Aristocrats and the Poliso …Tyrannyo Theogniso Relations between poleiso Athletics Pindor- The Athenian Adventureo Early historyo Synoicismo Dependence on commerceo Eupatrid governmentCurrent Lecture3. The Athenian Adventure- Kylon’s attempt at tyranny (632BC)o Aristocrat and Olympic winner Consulted Delphic Oracleo His father-in-law was a tyrant; gives him inside infoo His grand plan was to occupy the Akropoliso Popular resistance: people from all over sounded and protected the Akropolis so that he could not do thiso Megakles (Alkmeonid) –“Big fame” An Achron of Athens Conspirators don’t trust him- Megakles kill conspirators when their string breaks because he sees this as Athena rejecting them Later expulsion of his family for political reasons- Drakon- “Snake” (621BC)o Created written laws to alleviate divisions between wealthy and poorThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Idea behind writing them down: if laws aren’t written down, officials can tweak them (and claim they forgot) to help the rich and hurt the poor or favor people they like and harm people they don’t.o Famous for always using the death penalty: “harsh penalties, harsh times” One case: Homicide- He distinguished between intentional and unintentional murder:o Unintentional murder = fine; intentions = death penaltyo Polis trials, no longer private trials There were specific, written, protocols to follow for certain trials However, only family members could persecute someone for murdero Main point: legislative performed to help alleviate social divisions- Solono Class divisions still existed Debt slavery was a constant fear among citizens More people we wanting to be a part of the government (hoplites, merchants)o Eupatrid disunity: everyone wanted to be #1..lead to strife, jealousyo Threats of Tyrannyo Fragment 4: described Solon’s troubled times Hesiodic in nature: talked about Justice, unjust and just cities, crooked judgementso Solon was an archon and was also given special powers to come up with laws Why him?- He was a war hero of Salamis, making him distinguished and popular- He was a Eupatrid (very wealthy), but also a merchant in commerceo Well trusted by many groups of peopleo Reforms (594-593BC) Dividing classes into four official classes based on wealth, not birth and not on land ownership Archon/Areopagos positions were limited to the top two classes- Lower offices could be help by third class Two deliberative bodies:- Council of 400: limited to top 3 classes; set agenda for assembly meetings- Assembly: elected Archons, vote war/peace, and more.. Judicial (Heliaia)- Courts of appeal- All classes could serve- Anyone could prosecute, not just family members- Laws were written down Amnesty (Alkmenoid) Seisaikhtheia (“shaking off the burdens”) –forgiving debts Return of land (“boundary stones”) Abolishment of debt slavery and freeing of current slaves and buying backslaved that had been sold Used current standardized weights- Helped to facilitate easy trade Encouraged production of exports, except food (with the exception of olives) Encouraged immigration of craftsmen Used poetry as a vehicle for politicso But of course, no one was 100% happy Everyone got something they wanted, nobody got everythingo Problems of Solon: Aristocratic strife remained and was even worse Debt problems remained because of drought and bad luck Wealthy people imported slaves because they could no longer buy local ones- Caused a huge population increase 10-year trial run of his new reforms For those ten years, Solon left Athens so that no one could pester him to change the reforms- Three Factions emerged under the new conditions:o Geographically based: Plain Hill (Peisistratos) Shore (Alkmeonids)o Peisistratos’ three attempts to become tyrant, succeeded on the third try and was tyrant for around 20 years; a very successful tyrant too- Tyranny of Peisistratos: (546-527BC)o Kept Solon’s constitutiono Exiles Alkmeonids and other aristocrats Bribed the remaining aristocrats to join his sideo His family and friends held all of the officeso Expanded trade  Promoted olive growth to expand market Minted coins: easier to have exchange Red-figure pottery (~530BC)- Clay in Athens was a reddish color- Had more elaborate designso Expansion of role of Polis  Religious festivals were made very exciting and fun (and expensive)- Greater Dionysia- held yearlyo Tragedy- Greater Pan Athenian- held every four years Homer? One of the many contests was a recitation of Homer by rhapsodes, some believe that Homer had been written down to recitationcould be memorized word for