CLAS 1000 1st Edition Lecture 17Outline of Last Lecture III. Awkward Adolescence: Mid/Late Archaic (700-500BC)A. Song Culturea. Sappho (…love, public poetry)b. Alkaios (politics, symposium, tradition)B. Polis! Now What?a. Something about Sparta…i. The “mirage”- legend vs. reality: what was real vs. what was written downii. Importance of organization – the individual for societyiii. Development…Current Lecturea. Something about Spartaa. Synoicismb. Subjugationi. Dark Age: nearby land (Lakonian plane)1. Helots and Periokoiii. Messenia1. Two wars2. How did Spartans control Messenia? (it was far away)a. All Spartans were heavily trained for war and to be the perfect soldiersb. Young Spartan spies (krypteia, “undercover”) watching Messeniansiii. Peloponnesian league: (in the southern parts of Greece)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Joined with Spartans in an alliance: met to discuss political things and worked together in warsc. A military state- the whole city state, and all citizens, are dedicated to wari. No Spartans worked as farmers or in commerce: done by non-Spartan citizensii. No personal property, all was owened by the state1. Kleroi (“lots”) were given to citizensiii. Military education- began from childhood and continued until death1. Endurance, loyalty, cunningiv. Family came second to military training, families were separated by gender and age and put into herds.v. Homoioi (“equals, peers”) – Spartans had a sense of confidence/superiorityvi. Emphasis on tradition: “this is the way we have done it, so this is the way we will continue to do it”1. The traditions lasted 100’s of years2. Religious institutions (focus of procedure)a. Spartans followed their rituals preciselyb. They constantly went to Delphi the Oracle to get advice from Apollod. Government:i. Two Kings:1. Hereditarya. Leaders in both war and religious matterii. Gerousia (a council of gerontes, “old men”)1. Belief that old men had wisdom and experience in Sparta and therefore would be good counselors2. A lifetime membership upon election3. Had to be at least 60 years old to be elected4. Had judicial and legislative power iii. 5 Ephors (“overseers”)1. One year membership upon election2. Each member was audited after their membership and would be fined if they auditors didn’t think they did enough while they werein office3. Made sure citizens were acting “Spartan enough”4. Had some judicial powers and some foreign diplomatic powersiv. Assembly1. Open to all male citizens of Sparta2. Were responsible for electing gerousia and ephorsa. Done by acclamation (shouting)3. No discussion on what the laws should be, but they did vote to pass or veto the laws that were presentedv. Checks and Balances (eunomia)e. Problems:i. Declining citizenry 1. Selective production of children (“eugenics”)a. If a child were born deformed or didn’t look tough enough it would have been killed (mainly baby boys)2. Men were dying in war3. If one did not meet the wealth requirement, they would no longerbe considered a citizen of Sparta4. Rough numbers: In 479BC: 5,000 male citizens; in 372BC: 1,400 male citizensii. Internal strife regardless of checks and balances1. Kings competed with each other to be the best2. Ephors and kings fought3. Briberyiii. Ideal: only working for society; reality: conflict, individuality, jealousy, strifeb. Tyrtaios (650-625BC)- a poeta. His origin is disputed: was he Spartan or Athenian?b. (Fragment 4) talks about the legend of the constitution coming from Delphic. Adoption of the Heroic Ethici. Sparta is a shame culture (how the community looks at the individual is more important to the individual than anything; individual works hard to make himself look good in the eyes of the community.)ii. Arete (the best, most Spartan, forms would be courage and battle prowess)d. Reworking of the Heroic Ethic, making it “Spartanized”i. No individual time or kleos, everything was communalii. Homeric allusion in fragment 10 that alludes to the Iliad book 22c. Alkman (650-600BC)a. His origins are also disputed: was he Spartan or Lydian?b. Frament 1: religious rituals (being performed for the Dawn Goddess)i. A chorus of young girls were performing this ritualii. What kind of ritual is this…? Coming of age, wedding, victory of a