CLAS 1000 1st Edition Lecture 27Outline of Last Lecture IV. The Rise and Fall of Athens: Classical Period (500-400BC)- D. Peloponnesian Warso Part 2 (431-421BC)o Peace of Nikkias (421BC)o Part 3 (412-404BC)Current LectureD. Peloponnesian Wars | Part 3- Lysandero A Spartan admiral, but not a true citizen of Spartao Alliance with Persia- Sparta hired rowerso Athens: slaves freed- Battle of Arginousai (406BC)o A decisive vitory for Athens over Sparta Leads to a scandal: during the battle, many ships got sunk. As part of Greek culture, it is very important that all bodies receive a proper burial. SO the dead bodies in the sea (and the living floaters) should have been collected and brought to land for a burial service. This didn’t happen because a big storm came and scattered/sunk the bodies in the ocean.o 6 of the 8 generals from the battle returned to Athens, they were all put on trial for this scandal. Socrates was the chairman on the day of this trial The generals were put to death for their acto Athens refused a peace treaty with SpartaD. Peloponnesian Wars | End GameThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Battle of Aegospotami (404BC)o Lysander seized Lampsakos  Athenians go out to attack Lysander for doing this They run out of food on their ships, so they park the ships and go inland searching for food. However, they left their ships unattended so when Lysander’s spies saw this they immediately destroyed the ships. Lysander now has control of Hellespont and therefore Athens loses its supply of grain.o Athens capitulates Conditions of peace:- Athenians must ally with Sparta and join the Peloponnesian League- Long Walls must be pulled down- Athenians are only allowed to keep 12 ships- Athens must return to an oligarchy 30 Tyrants- Lysander assigned 30 tyrants to run the Athenian oligarchy- One of them, Kritias, a student of Socrates, became the main tyrant in charge- They began persecuting democratic factions Refuges- Democrats who escaped Athens before being persecuted when to Thebes and Megara (old enemies of Athens, now helping)o Here, the democrats were able to consolidate their power- Thrasybulus leads a revolt to put an end to the 30 tyrants and return Athens to a democracy- King Pecunias (Sp?) negotiates a truce and democracy is restored in AthensE. Tragedy | Beginnings- Athenian fetivalso Started in Greater or City Dionysia  We don’t know how or why it started- Peisistratus? Hippias?o Lenaia- a festival where in 440BC comedy was added to the festival and in 430BC tragedy was added- Performance move from the agora (marketplace) to the south slope of the acropolis by 499BCo Why? Two main accidents in the agora with benches breaking or rotting, it made more sense to move to a hill with natural seating and more space- Rural Dionysia and local festivalso The local festivals could have serves as practices for the big show- Eventually it spread outside of Athens as well to all of Greeceo Particularly in Sicily, South Italy, where they loved tragedy Auschylus, a very popular tragedy poet was popular hereo In Macedonia as well, with Euripides being a famous tragic poet there- Tragedy became a prestige factor: the rich could afford to pay tragedy poets to perform locally for them as entertainmentE. Tragedy | City Dionysia- Celebrates the entrance of Dionysos into Athenso Before the festivals, a statue of Dionysos was carried into the city to show the “Dionysos was coming”o Took place in late march/ early April Sea lanes were open, easy travel Tribute came to Athens Only citizens of Athens could participate in the plays, but anyone could come as a spectator- The festival lasted five dayso Business was cancelled at least on the first day of the festivalo The festivals curtailed in times of distress- Other poetic competitions went on during the festivals as well, though the main focus was on the tragedyo 3 poets performed at each festival each poet performed three plays and one satyr  each poet had their own “day”E. Tragedy | People- One of the archons (of nine) was in charge of organizing the City Dionysia and other festivalso “granted a chorus” – was in charge of choosing 3 poets to perform at the festival There was pressure to pick the best poets because if not it could ruin the archons reputation o Chooses choregos – each poet gets one choregaso Archon term of office: July to June- Choregos – “the leader of the chorus”o Leitourgia (choregos) – someone who bankrolled the poet, supported themo Financed the chorus – costumes, masks, training, upkeep, payo One choregos per poeto Being a choregod had a political dimention: if the poet you sponsored did really well, you would get brownie poets (e.g. Perikles)- Actors-o First only two, then three, and sometimes four actors in each play, responsible for playing all of the roles (usually between 8-10) Actors used masks so they could play multiple identitieso Actors had dialogueo Professionalization: actors began as amateurs, but as tradegy gained popularity in Greece, the actors became specialized at their skill, becoming famous and thenable to make a living off of it Musical solos for some Prizes for actors (like the Grammy’s) began in 449BC As actors became better and more famous, the role of the chorus diminished **Past classical: actors were assigned to plays by lot of fairness- Chorus:o Young men, amateurs, drawn from tribeso First 12, then 15 (24 for comedy) in each playo Their job was to sing and dance to odeso Eventually, the role of the chorus diminished as actors role increased Evolution of the role of the chorus: - Active Participants  Commentary  Show Pieces - Musician:o Played the auloi (double pipes)o Paid- Judges:o One from each tribe was randomly selected to serve as a judge at the festivalso Majority won- democratico There was a secret balloto Caveat: only 5 of the votes were looked at to make final