Ch.4 Sparta- Dark Age and the Archaic Periodo Perioikoi: those who dwell around Sparta or neighbors. They were free Obligated to serve in the army, but not permitted to participate in thegovernment. Lived life like non Spartan Greeks, working as homemakers, farmers, craftsman,merchants.o Spartan prosperity rested on insecure foundations. Civil unrest was avoided by exiling dissidents, who founded the colony of Taras.  Growing desperation of the Messenians (slaves of Sparta) was a more seriousthreat when they outnumber their masters. o Spartans reformed their institutions to achieve 2 goals: Freeing male citizens from all but military obligations, Socializing them to accept the regimentation and discipline required of a Spartansoldier. o Education and upbringing of Boys: Spartan Ideal for Man: To be skilled and courageous in battle, neither to run awaynor surrender but to stand his ground and give up his life for his city. Liable to the military until age 60 and required to stay fit and only provided thateducation. Newborns were examined and either raised or abandoned.  From age 7, boys left home to be trained in groups called herds.- Practiced enduring hardships and to fend for themselves to train to behoplites.- Went barefoot and naked to toughen themselves Hair cut short at 12.  Spartans were constantly at war with helots.  Ephors (overseers) inspected boys daily and examined them nude every 10 days.  Kids had to steal, and anyone who was caught got whipped.  From age 14-20, performed military service Between 20- 30, were permitted to marry but had to continue life with their armygroups. Aceptance into syssition was essential stage in reaching adulthood.  Symposia (drinking parties) o Spartan Woman They were raised to bear stalwart soldiers to be Educated at the states expense Exercised outside, well nourished, and drank wine daily.  Child bearing was only social obligation. Hairstyles announced womens passage through lifeo Sex and Marriage Because men had to live in Barracks until 35, couples did not live together duringpeacetime. o Demography: Never married foreigners and did not recruit large number of citizens ofnon-Spartan origin.o Spartans reffered to themselves as homoioi (peers or men of equal status). That wastheir goal.o System of helotry distinguished Sparta from other Greek States making it only polis witheconomic system totally dependent upon geographical and social distance betweenlandowners and workers on the land.  Helots were given annual beating, forced to wear primitive and humiliatingcostume Yet, service they performed in Spartan army, provided them useful knowledge intheir ongoing struggle with master. - Spartan Gov’to Consisted of monarchial, oligarchical, and democratic elements (mixed constitution)o Dual Kingship: exec. Office divided b/t 2 kings (basileis)  Both served as mutual check on power of monarchy.  Exercised military, religious, and judicial powers. - Expected to serve as moral exemplars: Courage of King Leonidas and histroops, obeyed command of Spartans to fight against all odds in waragainst Persians, became legendary.  Gerousia: Council of Gerontes (Elders) – 28 men over age 60, highest honor to aSpartan- Served as criminal court for homicide, treason, exile, death. Ephors: overseers – supervised kings and represented principle of law.- Monitored kings and presided over gerousia and assembly and dealt withforeign embassy.o Oligarchy outweighs other 2. Powers lay predominantly with gerousia.- Peloponnesian Leagueo Sparta was most powerful state, adopted policy of alliance rather than conquest.  League was all states in Peloponnesus except Argos and Archaea.o Purpose was mutual protection. o States left the league after Sparta’s defeat by