Psych 100 1H Focus Questions Chapter 2 pg 27 37 Appendix A1 A8 Class 3 8 30 2013 1 Define the terms fact theory and hypothesis How are they related to one another and to the story of Clever Hans a Fact observation objective statement b Theory idea a conceptual model designed to explain existing facts c Hypothesis prediction about new facts 2 Judy designed an experiment to examine the effect of different beverages on participants alertness measured using self reported ratings from a questionnaire The first group was randomly assigned to drink soda the second to drink coffee the third to drink water and the fourth group was given no beverage Identify the independent and dependent variables in this experiment Is this a within subjects or between groups design What other variables would need to be held constant for Judy s results to be valid IV Drinks a b DV alertness c Between groups d Time of day amount of drink consumed test performed 3 Identify how a correlational study differs from an experiment what role random assignment plays in this distinction and what the limitations are of a correlational study a Correlational studies not manipulate any variable observes or measures two or more already existing relationships Bouchard 1990 Study of intelligence between twins over 21 years b Experiment manipulate variables determine cause and effect random assignment not viable for correlational study c Limitations cannot determine cause and effect third or more variables could have influenced behavior 4 List one pro and one con of each of the following methods laboratory study field study self report methods questionnaires and interviews and observational methods naturalistic observation and tests a Laboratory PRO facilitate collection of data control environment CON ecological validity b Field PRO high ecological validity CON can t control environment c Self Report PRO Information not able to obtain otherwise CON bias schema d Observational PRO observe natural behavior CON time and analysis 5 How do the mean and median compare in a normal distribution A positively skewed distribution A negatively skewed distribution 6 Briefly define 8 of the following terms frequency distribution table or graph depicting individual scores within a set of intervals range normal distribution bell shaped frequency distribution variance measure of variability of a set of scores bimodal distribution mean arithmetic average of a set of scores mode most frequently occurring score in a set of scores standard deviation measure of variability in a set of scores unimodal distribution percentile rank any single score in a set of scores positively skewed distribution standardized score expressed in terms of the number of standard deviations the original score is from the mean negatively skewed distribution z score simplest form of standardized score median center score in a set of scores correlation coefficient numerical measure of strength and direction of relationship between two variables
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