Motivation Chapter 10 Motivation process that causes the movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situatio Drive internal state that arises in response to a need Instinct unlearned characteristic patterns of responding Homeostasis bodys need to maintain balance temperature fluids etc Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Motivation doing something because you enjoy it vs doing something because you get a reward we go to work to get paid extrinsically motivated BUT if you love your job you go because you love it and you get paid intrinsically and extrinsically motivated Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs Draw your pyramid here Self Actualization needs means you spend time on causes outside of yourself Ex Bill Gates gives a lot back to society Esteem Needs Belongingness and Love Needs Safety Needs Physiological Needs Motives to Eat So once one need is met we can move onto the next need when poor you don t worry about self esteem you worry about meeting the needs of nutrition food etc Set Point genetically influenced weight range that you will stay at when not trying to gain or lose weight Varies about 10 in both directions set point of 150 pounds 135 to 165 Basal Metabolism rate at which body burns calories when you are doing absolutely nothing fixed number of fat cells high metabolism burns a lot of calories at rest Hormones also influence the set point women carry more body fat then men in order to have babies estrogen keeps more fat testosterone burns more Heritability of set point is 4 to 7 in twin studies Debate psychological factors contribute to hunger and physical changes can alter our set point athletes could be under weight Controlling our eating Brain is 1 organ in determining hunger these hormones chemicals communicate with the hypothalamus Leptin a hormone that decreases appetite supposed to be secreted when FULL tells hypothalamus to tell you to stop eating LEPTIN is in some weight loss pills put it doesn t work on humans because we are really good at ignoring it Insulin tells hypothalamus when to eat not eat hormone that lowers glucose and stores energy as fats Glucose sugar that cells require for energy abundance of sugar is a problem Ghrelin hunger arousing hormone emitted by an empty stomach hormone emitted by the stomach when we are hungry tells you when tummy is empty we can ignore this too Obesity Epidemic BMI Body Mass Index measure of weight relative to height More than 50 of American adults and 25 of children are overweight or obese according to the BMI chart BMI not always a good measure of healthy and not suitable for body builders or certain athletes muscle weighs a lot other measures such as hip to waist ratio may be better indicator of health generally people who carry most wait in their hip section are not healthy increase risk for heart disease etc Speculative Causes of obesity epidemic 1 Abundance of fast food cheap 2 National portion size 3 Soda or pop 4 Non food food items McD s chicken nuggets hot dogs twinkies any ingrediants that you cant pronounce Evolution determines that we gain weight when food is abundant but does not have a comparable mechanism for losing weight Culture can determine when what and how much we eat Culture determines what is an ideal body Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa underweight by 10 15 of lowest healthy BMI usually achieved by a severe restriction in diet and excessive excersize distorted body perception usually begins in adolescence almost always female 1 4 of females ages 12 40 will have anorexia deadliest mental illness on the planet Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa maintain a normal body weight binging thousands of calories in one sitting and purging in food cant look at someone and know they are bulimic they will look normal normal weight purging consist of self induced vomiting laxatives and or excessive exercise history of weight problems and issues in the past feeling out of control when binging may hoard food and or their vomit Motives to Love Passionate Love vs Companionate Love passionate love lasts about 2 years Biological similarities between romantic love and mother infant bond Same neurotransmitters and hormones are activated in the mom baby bond and in the adult Same areas of the brain are activated when mom looks at pictures of baby and when adult lovers look at pictures of each other love bond Attachment Theory Secure rarely jealous don t fear abandonment Anxious Ambivalent agitate worried about abandonment Avoidant distrusting avoid closeness Your attachment to your primary caregivers will govern your attachment in adult love relationships Harville Hendricks Getting the Love You Want Motives for Sex Alfred Kinsey 1950s pioneering work on human sexuality survey research people were engaging in behaviors that most thought were taboo women are sexual too Masters and Johnson 1960s sexual laboratories Mapped out the physiology of sex and orgasm Asserted that female and male sexuality is equal May have a problem with their sample of research subjects Sexual Response Cycle Excitement Plateau Orgasm 1 2 3 4 Culture and Sex Sexual Scripts Sexual Orientation Resolution males refractory period cant be stimulated again women can be Gender Differences in Sexuality Women are capable of multiple orgasms Men engage in more fantasy and masturbation than women even when such behavior is prohibited Men s sexual desire is more often linked to aggressive dominant behavior in the brain Women s sexual desire is more often linked to nurturing behavior in the brain What are some sexual scripts for young men and women today Biological links are inconclusive prenatal hormone exposure difference in hypothalamus drive center sex orientation is moderately heritable men What about the range of sexual orientation Hetero bi homo What about experimenting in homosexual behavior but not identifying as gay Homosexuality is NOT caused by a Smothinger mother or absent father Same sex sexual child play quite common show me yours ill show you mine curiosity doesn t mean you are gay Lack of proper role models learning Homosexuality documented in more than 450 other species besides humans Examples dolphins penguins many primates if majority of population is gay we couldn t survive Gender Identity Gender Identity is separate from sexual orientation It is your experience or feeling of being either male or female or somewhere in between Intersex Conditions can cause gender identity confusion Transgender feel like you have been born in the wrong
View Full Document
Unlocking...