CH 13 Learning Objectives 04 11 2013 The Psychoanalytic Approach Freud s Psychoanalytic Theory The unconscious mind holds the key to behavior Freud s Personality Theory The ID gratification The Ego Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy Strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives Operates on the pleasure principle demanding immediate Develops out of the demands and constraints of the environment o cope with frustration delay gratification Reality Principle o Satisfy demands without social disapproval The Superego Idealistic Principle o Ethical standards and rules for behavior look at hdfs notes on this topic The Psychoanalytic Approach Defense Mechanisms Egos protetive method to deal with unacceptable impusles and anxiety o Denial protecting ourselves from an unpleasant reality by refusing to perceive it o Displacement redirection of an impuslse away from the person who prompts it towards a safe substitute o Reaction formation transforms an unacceptable impulse or thought into its opposite Projective Tests others Projection projecting one s unacceptable thoughts or impulses onto Projective Tests ambiguous visual stimuli presented to client who responds with whatever comes to mind o Rorschach inkblot test 10 inkblots as ambiguous stimuli o Thematic Apperception Test TAT 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations Freud s Theory of Personality Development 5 main Psychosexual stages o each emphasizes an erogenous zone o must resolve conflict between zones and society The Psychoanalytic Approach Oral Stage first year of life o The erogenous zone is the mouth o The primary conflict are weaning and teething Anal stage 1 3 years o Involves development of the ego o Primary conflict is toilet training Phallic Stage 3 6 years o Involves development of the superego as a result of the Oedipus complex Oedipus complex a boys sexual desires towards his mother feelings of jealousy hatred for the rival father Castration anxiety Electra Complex female version of the Oedipus complex Penis envy Latent Stage 6 puberty developed Genital Stage at puberty appropriately The Trait Theory Approach 4 11 13 o Sexual feelings repressed same sex play social skills o Sexual feelings resurface and are consciously expressed Trait a consistent enduring way of thinking feeling or behaving Gordon Allport developed a method to organize traits according to their influence Cardinal traits Central traits Secondary traits Raymond Cattell using factor analysis outlined a distinct set of source traits which form the core of everyone s personality Someone who is shy would be described as soft spoken timid Creativity if you are creative you are curious inventive Trait Theories of Personality The Five Factor Model Costa McCrea Openness creativity Conscientiousness organization Extraversion sociability o High scores mean you are very talkative and being in groups o Low scores here mean you are very shy timid Agreeableness likeability o High levels mean you are warm honest courteous o Low scores mean ruthful cut throat revenge Neuroticism stability NEED TO KNOW FOR FINAL OCEAN from hdfs Chapter 8 Child Development 04 11 2013 What is development Pattern of change in human capacities across the lifespan Nature vs Nurture is genetics or environment more important for development Probalaistic Epi Continuous versus Discontinuous is development marked by Stability versus change do we remain the same or change during gradual or distinct changes development Relax Unlearned automatic response to a particular stimulus Rooting reflex touching the cheek Sucking reflex object placed in mouth Moro reflex startled by noise loss of support Palmer grasp reflex touching of the palm Babinski reflex stroking sole of the foot o Stimulus stroking bottom of infant food and toes will move out Something people thing is like step pushing toes out also related to motor track development Tonic neck reflex turned to head to the side Physical Development Saltatory Growth growth in spurts rather than continuous in nature Motor Development Cephalacaidal trend top to bottom Proximodistal trend center outward Cognitive Development Jean Piaget s 1896 1980 Cognitive Approach Schema a concept or framework that organized and interprets info Adaption Assimilation o Interpreting ones new experience in terms of ones existing schemas Adaptation Accommodation o Changing ones current understandings schemas to incorporate new info Driven towards equilibrium motivation to learn is driven by discrepancies o Creating an equilibrium is making sense of the world 04 11 2013 Piaget s State theory Formal Operations 11 years Abstract problem solving abilities occurring during adolescence o Metacognition Side effects of these new abilities include o The imaginary audience phenomenon o The personal fable o Optimism bias o Psseudp stupidity Attachment Emotional tie to another person Body contact and early theories o Drive reduction model o Caregiver contact comfort Harlows experiments o Operant conditioning model Caregiver proves reduction of the drive of hunger Positive interactions leads to reinforcing of behaviors Yet this does not explain abusive relationships and attachment Bowlby s Theory of Attachment Pre attachment phase birth to 6 weeks Attachment in the making phase 6 weeks to 6 8 months Clear Cut Attachment 6 to 8 months to about 18 months Mary Ainsworth s Strange situation test A procedure used to study attachment in which is placed in a novel environment and is observed reacting to it in the presence and then absence of caregiver o Securely attached 2 out of 3 children Keep looking for mom at first and very distressed and then stops When reunited the very happy to see her o Insecurely attached avoidant and resistant Avoidant no secure base when first going in the room When the mom leaves they don t seem to care and same when mom comes back Resistant baby holds onto mom for dear life Get very worked up when mom leaves but when mom comes back they hug the mom and then push back like never leave again why did you do that Parenting Styles How relationships differ among families o Dianna Baumrind Parenting Styles Based on 2 dimensions 1 Responsiveness warmth and affection o 2 Demandingness how strict or structured is the environment o get pic from slide about parenting styles Baumrind Parenting Styles 1 Permissive indulgent rarely use punishment but provide high level of comfort o Love withdrawal o May lead to Children display poor impulse control
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