•What is the human microbiome projectThe mapping of bacteria, viruses, and fungi that inhabit healthy humans. This project aims to characterize the microbial communities found at several sites in the human body.•How many DNA samples were analyzed 242 DNA samples from healthy people.•How many species bacterial species occupy the human microbiome10,000 microbial species.•What was the strategy used to determine "who" were there in the microbial populations•What method was used for this studyDNA sequencing of the skin’s fungi, specifically fungi in the feet of healthy adults. •What areas had the highest fungal diversityHeel- the most, toenails- 2nd most, spaces between the toes.WEEK 1Lecture 1:Vocabulary:Prokaryote- An organism that lacks a true nucleus and has no membrane-bound organelles.Eukaryote- An organism that has a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.Spontaneous Generation- The theory that living organisms can spontaneously arise from inanimate objects. Discovered by Aristotle.Koch’s Postulates- Prove Germ theory of Disease.1. The pathogen must be present in the unhealthy animal but not in the healthy2. The pathogen can be isolated and placed in an agar in order to be grown inpure culture and colonies to develop3. A healthy animal must be inoculated with the pure culture cells and shouldbecome diseased.4. The pathogen present in the unhealthy animal must be isolated and shownto be the same as the previous.Phytopathogenic- Bacteria that can cause certain plant diseases.Tuberculin- What Koch isolated from cultures of mycobacterium tuberculosis and testedit as a vaccine on guinea pigs and himself. He got very ill, because he used too much.Thermophillic- Bacteria that require high temperatures for normal development.PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction. A method of DNA amplification. Used for generating millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.Winogradsky Column- A simple device for culturing a large diversity of microorganisms. The column is composed of half pond water and half pond mud. The water is mixed with a carbon source in order to promote growth. Linked to the discovery of Autotrophs, who use CO2 (inorganic) as their carbon source.Cocci- Any bacterium that has a spherical shape (plural form). Singular form is coccus.Pathogen- A microbe able to cause a disease in its host.Concepts- know how the swan-neck flask experiment was performed; what did it demonstrate? The swan-neck flask experiment was performed by Louis Pasteur. Itwas performed with a meat growth medium placed in a flask, whose neck was curved with a flame. The curvature of the neck prevented the microbes from getting into the medium. The flask was left to sit for a long time (with fresh air able to come through) and it remained sterile for many years. The flask was then tipped, to where the growth medium and microbes stuck in the curve of the flask came into contact with one another. Once the flask was put back to its original position, microbes developed in the flask. This experiment demonstrated that there was no spontaneous generation. In other words, living things did not arisespontaneously from inanimate objects, they came from other pre-existing living things.- Contributions of Aristotle, Hooke, Van Leuuwenhoek, Cohn, Spallazani, Beijerinck, Winogradski, Petri. o Aristotle- developed the theory of spontaneous generation.o Hooke- used microscopy to describe the fruiting structure of mold.o Van Leuuwenhoek- Used 300x magnification microscopy; studied “Wee animacules” in pond water; was able to determine shapes of different bacteriao Cohn- used microscopy to study photosynthetic algae and bacteria in addition to heat-resistant bacteria. His studies laid the foundation for the bacterial classification systemo Spallazani- Performed the experiment with the sealed flask in hopes to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation. Opponents argued that fresh air was necessary.o Beijerinck- Discovered the importance of microbes in the nitrogen cycle and their role in sustaining life on earth. Also develoed the enrichment culture technique in order to isolate metabolically diverse bacteria.o Winogradski- Developed the Winogradski column (half pond water and half pond mud). Discovered autotrophs, which use CO2 as their carbon source.o Petri- Developed the petri dish, which was used by Koch to prove his germ theory of disease. Pathogens can be isolated in petri dishes and grown in pure culture.- Contributions and diseases investigated by Pasteur, Koch; how did Pasteur save a child’s life- what disease did he prevent; how did Koch try to prevent tuberculosiso Pasteur developed the swan-neck experiment and he also saved a child’s life by developing a rabies vaccine. He vaccinated the child with 15 day old rabies, then 14 day old rabies… and so on. This cured the child from rabies. o Koch tried to prevent tuberculosis by injecting himself with tuberculin. Hebecame extremely ill after using too much.- Review of Koch’s postulates; how did this inquiry prove the germ theory of disease.o The pathogen must be present in the unhealthy animal but not in the healthyo The pathogen can be isolated and placed in an agar in order to be grown inpure culture and colonies to developo A healthy animal must be inoculated with the pure culture cells and shouldbecome diseased.o The pathogen present in the unhealthy animal must be isolated and shownto be the same as the previous.o This proved that a pathogen could cause a disease.- What was the contribution of Marshall and Warren; what was the Nobel Prize foro Marshall and Warren discovered that a bacteria caused stomach ulcers (helicobacter pylori) and that antibiotics killed this bacteriao They one the Nobel prize for medicine- What is a semi-solid medium and how is it used to obtain pure cultureo A semi-solid medium is an agar in which samples of pathogens could be placed. This medium separates the cells in the sample, and creates colonies of the wanted pathogen.- Review the properties of the best-studied bacteria examined in the laboratorieso Grow rapidly o Single cello Shaped like cocci or rodso Not pathogenico Use sugars as their main carbon sourceo Studied as pure culture- What is the enrichment culture technique?o Technique developed by Beijernick in order to isolate metabolically diverse bacteria. This allows certain bacteria to grow while others to not. Lecture 2:Vocabulary:Resolution- The size limit of what can be seen clearly by
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