Lectures 7 8 and Chapter 3 pgs 93 100 112 123 1 Know how wavelength and amplitude intensity are related to the psychological dimensions of color hue and brightness Wavelength is the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next The hue or the color is determined by the wavelength Meaning that different wavelengths of light result in different colors perceived brightness The intensity or amplitude is the amount of energy in a wave and it is related to the 2 Know the parts of the eye that we discussed in class Cornea Transparent tissue where the light enters the eye Iris Muscle that expands and contracts to change the size of opening Pupil adjustable opening that lets light into the eye Lens focuses the light rays on the retina Retina Contains sensory receptors that process visual information and send it to the brain 3 What is the difference between nearsightedness and farsightedness Nearsightedness you can see nearby objects more clearly than distant objects The image is focused in the front of the eye Farsightedness is when faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects The image is focused behind the retina 4 What are the differences between rods and cones Rods responsible for non color sensitivity to low levels of light Cones responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision Both are photoreceptors that are found at the back of the retina 5 Know the tri chromatic and opponent process theories of color vision The trichromatic theory says that the retina contains three receptors maximally sensitive to red blue and green wavelengths Most people are trichromats The opponent process theory explains after images due to competition between colors We process four colors opposed in pairs of red green blue yellow and black white 6 Be able to describe what color blindness is and what the perception is like in general Which theory can account for color blindness If you are color blind the red cones are filled with green photopigment or vice versa Dicromats 7 What is an afterimage Which theory can account for their appearance The opponent process theory an account for the appearance of after images After images are images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed 8 Know the Gestalt grouping principles proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure and common fate 9 What are the two binocular cues to depth perception and how do they work Retinal disparity The image on each retina is slightly different because our eyes are located slightly apart When our brain combines the images it sees things in 3 D Convergence Our eyes move together to focus on something close and move further apart for distant objects 10 Know the monocular cues for perceiving depth relative size if two images are similar in size we perceive one that casts a smaller retinal image as further away interposition occlusion one object blocks our view of another the object that is blocking is closer more atmosphere the aerial perspective Light passes through the atmosphere Clearer objects are closer The more noise or haze converge the greater their perceived distance is away texture gradient We see fewer details the farther the object is from us linear perspective Parallel lines appear to converge with distance The more the lines motion parallax Close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther 11 What is a perceptual constancy Know size shape and color constancies Perceiving the properties of an object to remain the same even though the physical properties are changing The stimulus or retinal image changes but the perception stays the same Shape constancy Shape perception is the same retinal image is different Size constancy We perceive an object as the same size even if the retinal size changes Color constancy the color of an object remains the same under different illuminations Lectures 9 11 and Chapter 6 1 What is memory Persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information 2 Know the basic memory processes encoding storage and retrieval Encoding Getting information into the memory system Storage retention of information Retrieval getting information out 3 What is the information processing model Know the three stage model of memory Know that working memory contains visual and auditory elements Sensory memory immediate brief recording of sensory information Short term memory holds a few items for a short time Long term memory relatively permanent and limitless storage Working memory is a much more realistic representation of short term memory The information will stay in the memory for as long as you rehearse it It allows us to do multiple tasks at once because it contains auditory and visual spatial elements 4 Know that we automatically process things in time and space Know that other things require effort to process Automatic processing enormous amount of information is processed effortlessly by us like time and space For example space while reading a textbook you automatically encode place of a picture on a page Time we unintentionally note the events that take place in a day Frequency you effortlessly keep track of things that happened to you 5 Know the three ways to encode information What typically leads to better performance Semantic encoding meaning Acoustic encoding sound Visual encoding visual characteristics of each Semantic along with painting a mental picture is powerful in effortful processing 6 Know the three memory stores sensory working short term and long term and the Sensory memory the first stage of memory the point at which the information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems There are two kinds of sensory memory iconic and echoic Iconic is visual memory which only lasts a fraction of a second Echoic is hearing sensory which last only a brief moment Working short term memory the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used Working and short term memory are typically used interchangeably but working memory is an active system that processes the information IN short term memory Long term memory the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently The memories in LTM are always available but not always accessible meaning they are always there but not always able to be retrieved 7 What is selective attention What role does it play in memory Selective attention the
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